{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:53:16Z","timestamp":1792788796061,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"CNPQ","award":["CNPq 140915\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 140915\/2023-0"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"CAPES","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CAPES Finance Code-Ref:001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAPES Finance Code-Ref:001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study aimed to describe the epidemiological profile of Tuberculosis (TB) and analyze the spatial distribution and temporal trend of TB incidence and mortality in Oyo state Nigeria from 2015\u20132019. The study was composed of TB cases and deaths reported by the Oyo State Health Secretariat between 2015 and 2019. The purely spatial, space-time scanning and the Getis-Ord Gi* techniques were used to analyze the spatial characteristics of TB and to identify areas at risk for its occurrence and deaths based on rates in each unit of analysis - Local Government Area (LGA), while the time series analysis technique was used to assess the characteristics of TB in Oyo state over the period studied. The standardized rates of sex and age were considered for data analysis. We analyzed 28,670 new cases of pulmonary and extra pulmonary TB as well as 1142 deaths reported in all LGAs between 2015 and 2019. Ibadan South West local government had the highest rate and risk (334 cases per 100,000), solely constituting above 10% of all cases reported in all 33 LGAs and for deaths the rate was 19.01 cases\/100,000 inhabitants. Ido and Oluyole LGAs were Hot Spot regions for TB with a 99% confidence interval (CI) for TB incidence; about TB mortality, five municipalities were identified with a spatial association at 95% CI. The historical series of TB incidence rate slightly increased between the years 2015\u20132017, with a sharp decline from then until 2019. The temporal trend for the incidence and mortality of TB in the period under study decreased. This study contributes to knowing the epidemiological profile, the spatial and temporal distribution, and areas with higher risk of TB transmission in Oyo state. This makes it possible for policy makers to target hotspot areas for intervention and disease prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0311739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T17:24:27Z","timestamp":1752686667000},"page":"e0311739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Surveillance of tuberculosis incidence and mortality through spatio-temporal analysis in Oyo State, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8453-0695","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Titilade Kehinde Ayandeyi","family":"Teibo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thais Zamboni","family":"Berra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5596-0047","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yan Mathias","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reginaldo Bazon Vaz","family":"Tavares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4983-2966","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oluwaseyi Ademo","family":"Olayemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4792-8714","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ricardo Alexandre","family":"Arc\u00eancio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0311739.ref001","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0311739.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16493-y","article-title":"Geo-spatial high-risk clusters of Tuberculosis in the global general population: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"TKA Teibo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref003","author":"World Health Organization WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref004","author":"World Health Organization WHO"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0311739.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.4103\/1755-6783.133685","article-title":"A review of the national tuberculosis and leprosy control programme (ntblcp) of Nigeria: Challenges and prospects","volume":"6","author":"A Otu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref006","author":"B Akinyemi","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref007","author":"World Health Organization WHO","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref008","author":"K Oyediran","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref009","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref010","author":"Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)","year":"2001"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref011","author":"ArcGIS"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0311739.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0427","article-title":"What is a Hotspot Anyway?","volume":"96","author":"J Lessler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0311739.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1992.tb00261.x","article-title":"The Analysis of Spatial Association by Use of Distance Statistics","volume":"24","author":"A Getis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Geograph Anal"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780140809","article-title":"Spatial disease clusters: detection and inference","volume":"8","author":"M Kulldorff","year":"1995","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0311739.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12942-016-0056-6","article-title":"Using Gini coefficient to determining optimal cluster reporting sizes for spatial scan statistics","volume":"15","author":"J Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref016","first-page":"3","article-title":"Seasonal-trend decomposition procedure based on LOESS","volume":"6","author":"R Cleveland","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Offic Stat"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0311739.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(88)90077-2","article-title":"Regression by local fitting","volume":"37","author":"WS Cleveland","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Econometrics"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref018","author":"R Hyndman","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref019"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref020"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0311739.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00511-4","article-title":"A cascade of interventions to promote adherence to antiretroviral therapy in african countries","volume":"17","author":"R Jopling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0311739.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-12056-1","article-title":"Impact of socio-economic factors on Tuberculosis treatment outcomes in north-eastern Uganda: a mixed methods study","volume":"21","author":"J Nidoi","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0311739.ref023","article-title":"Spatial analysis and influencing factors of pulmonary tuberculosis among students in Nanning, during 2012-2018","volume":"17","author":"D-L Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0311739.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07633-2","article-title":"Data-driven identification of communities with high levels of tuberculosis infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"12","author":"M Faccin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0311739.ref025","first-page":"11","article-title":"modelling the morbidity pattern of tuberculosis and its associated factors in Oyo State, Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"YO Bidemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0311739.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-020-00687-2","article-title":"Spatial distribution of people diagnosed with tuberculosis through routine and active case finding: a community-based study in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"9","author":"KO Robsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0311739.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265826","article-title":"Mapping local hot spots with routine tuberculosis data: A pragmatic approach to identify spatial variability","volume":"17","author":"MB Brooks","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref028","article-title":"The burden of tuberculosis across regions in Ethiopia: A systematic subnational analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","author":"A Arja","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0311739.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8727","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27024-w","article-title":"Times series analysis of age-specific tuberculosis at a rapid developing region in China, 2011-2016","volume":"8","author":"M Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref030","author":"World Health Organization WHO","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7029458","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7029458","article-title":"Low Tuberculosis (TB) Case Detection: A Health Facility-Based Study of Possible Obstacles in Kaffa Zone, Southwest District of Ethiopia","volume":"2020","author":"M Abayneh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.73583","article-title":"Patients and Health System-Related Factors Impacting on Tuberculosis Program Implementation in Resource-Constrained Settings: Experience from Multi-TB Facilities in Oyo State, South-West of Nigeria","volume-title":"Mycobacterium - Research and Development","author":"O Oladimeji","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0311739.ref033","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0311739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T17:24:33Z","timestamp":1752686673000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0311739"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Clement Ameh","family":"Yaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0311739","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]}}}