{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,21]],"date-time":"2025-02-21T14:09:57Z","timestamp":1740146997243,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007120","name":"King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2563-0216003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2563-0216003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007120","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>SURFINs protein family expressed on surface of both infected red blood cell and merozoite surface making them as interesting vaccine candidate for erythrocytic stage of malaria infection. In this study, we analyze genetic variation of <jats:italic>Pfsurf<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>4<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> gene, copy number variation, and frequency of SURFIN<jats:sub>4.1<\/jats:sub> variants of <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> in clinical isolates. In addition, secondary structure prediction and immunoinformatic were employed to identify immunogenic epitopes in humoral response as proposed vaccine candidates. Overall, our data demonstrate extensive polymorphism of SURFIN<jats:sub>4.1<\/jats:sub> in both genetic and protein level. The <jats:italic>surf<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>4<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> gene showed extensive genetic variation with total of 447 polymorphic sites with maximum of three variants as well as singlet\/triplet bases indels and mini\/microsatellites in the coding sequence. The exon1 encoding extracellular region exhibited higher variation compared to exon2 which coding for intracellular domain. Interestingly, selective pressure was detected on both extracellular region (Var1 and Var2) as well as intracellular region (WRD2 and WRD3). Importantly, extensive full gene analysis suggests adenosine insertion at three key points nucleotide bases (nt 2409\/2410, 3809\/3810, and 4439\/4440) of exon2 could lead to frameshift mutation resulted in four different SURFIN<jats:sub>4.1<\/jats:sub> variants (TMs, WD1, WD2 and WD3). The SURFIN<jats:sub>4.1<\/jats:sub> variant TMs was the most observed type with 67% frequency (51\/76). Along with more than one copy number of <jats:italic>surf<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>4<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> gene was observed with frequency of 13% (9\/70). Despite substantial polymorphism, analysis of relatedness within <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> population using full coding sequence was able to group SURFIN<jats:sub>4.1<\/jats:sub> protein into five distinct clades and reduced into four clades when using only exon1 coding sequence. Also, predicted secondary structure revealed conserved structure of five helix domains of extracellular region which similar among four SURFIN<jats:sub>4.1<\/jats:sub> variant types. In addition, <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> design eight immunopeptides derived from SURFIN<jats:sub>4.1<\/jats:sub>, four of which are highly conserved and four of dimorphic epitopes, as potential vaccine candidates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T18:42:51Z","timestamp":1735584171000},"page":"e0312091","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasmodium falciparum surf4.1 in clinical isolates: From genetic variation and variant diversity to in silico design immunopeptides for vaccine development"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2057-3183","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nitchakarn","family":"Noranate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jariya","family":"Sripanomphong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fingani Annie","family":"Mphande- Nyasulu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suwanna","family":"Chaorattanakawee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312091.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.47","article-title":"Variant surface antigens of Plasmodium falciparum and their roles in severe 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