{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:18:59Z","timestamp":1791497939543,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000105","name":"York University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Start-up Funding from the Dean of Faculty of Health Sciences at York University"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Start-up Funding from the Dean of Faculty of Health Sciences at York University"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000105","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010785","name":"Canada First Research Excellence Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#CFREF-2022-00010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#CFREF-2022-00010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010785","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\nBackground<\/jats:title>\nHomelessness represents a widespread social issue globally, yet the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) associated with people experiencing homelessness (PEH) has not received sufficient attention. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the risk of NDDs among PEH and its variation across countries and regions through meta-analysis and systematic review.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nMethods<\/jats:title>\nSearching from databases such as PubMed and Web of Science, relevant research articles on PEH and NDDs were identified. After multiple screening, eight articles were selected for meta-analysis. Statistical methods and models were used to evaluate the association between PEH and NDDs, stratified by disease type and country.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nResults<\/jats:title>\nWe found that PEH had a 51% higher risk of NDDs (OR = 1.51 (95% CI: 1.21, 1.89)) compared with those with stable housing. Specifically, PEH had a significantly higher risk of developing multiple sclerosis (OR = 4.64 (95% CI: 1.96, 10.98)). Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias (ADRD) (OR = 1.93 (95% CI: 1.34, 2.77)), dementia (OR = 1.69 (95% CI: 1.26, 2.27)), and cognitive impairment (OR = 1.07 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.16)) were all at higher risk. Furthermore, country and regional differences were observed, with countries such as Iran (OR = 4.64 (95% CI: 1.96, 10.98)), the Netherlands (OR = 2.14 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.73)), the United States (OR = 1.66 (95% CI: 1.25, 2.22)), and Canada (OR = 1.06 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.10)) showing a higher risk of NDDs among the PEH.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n\nConclusions<\/jats:title>\nThe study emphasizes the significant NDD risks among PEH, providing novel perspectives on this issue and shedding light on national disparities influenced by variations in healthcare systems and social environments. This will be beneficial for academia and government to prioritize the health of PEH with NDDs, aiming to mitigate disease incidence and economic burdens while preserving social stability and upholding basic human rights.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]],"date-time":"2024-10-22T17:27:47Z","timestamp":1729618067000},"page":"e0312117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Associations between people experiencing homelessness (PEH) and neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs): A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-0550","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9741-3463","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vijay","family":"Mago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Schiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonnie","family":"Krysowaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0312117.ref001","article-title":"The health of homeless people in high-income countries: Descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations","author":"S Fazel","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref002","article-title":"Clinical and Economic Profile of Homeless Young Adults with Stroke in the United States, 2002\u20132017.","author":"SU Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Current Problems in Cardiology."},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref003","article-title":"A Comprehensive Assessment to Enable Recovery of the Homeless: The HOP-TR Study.","volume":"9","author":"C Van Everdingen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Delespaul PAEG.Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref004","article-title":"Mental health needs of homeless and recently housed individuals in Canada: A meta-ethnography.","author":"B Diduck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health and Social Care in the Community."},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref005","article-title":"Emergence of breath testing as a new non-invasive diagnostic modality for neurodegenerative diseases","author":"NS Subramaniam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Research"},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref006","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","author":"P Scheltens","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref007","article-title":"Associations between Homelessness and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementia: A Systematic Review","author":"GM Babulal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Gerontology"},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12476","article-title":"Prevalence of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias among veterans experiencing housing insecurity.","volume":"18","author":"E Jutkowitz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s and Dementia."},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref009","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Disease and the Experience of Homelessness.","volume":"11","author":"SD Pi\u00f1a-Escudero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol."},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref010","article-title":"Incidence of Homelessness among Veterans Newly Diagnosed with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias.","volume":"104","author":"E Jutkowitz","year":"2021","journal-title":"R I Med J (2013)."},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.218","article-title":"The association between PM2.5 exposure and neurological disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"655","author":"P Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0288063","article-title":"Multimorbidity and food insecurity in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"18","author":"M Kantilafti","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0312117.ref013","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the global prevalence and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and uptake in people living with","volume":"8","author":"SK Sulaiman","year":"2024","journal-title":"HIV. 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