{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T03:42:14Z","timestamp":1780544534275,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain, leading to cognitive decline and personality changes. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to characterize angioarchitectural changes in the retina and choroid of individuals with FTD compared to cognitively normal controls using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cross-sectional comparison of patients with FTD and controls with normal cognition. All participants underwent Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) at the time of imaging. Outcome measures included OCT parameters: retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness, central subfield thickness (CST), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), choroidal vascularity index (CVI); and OCTA superficial capillary plexus parameters: foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, 3x3mm and 6x6mm macular perfusion density (PD) and vessel density (VD), 4.5x4.5mm peripapillary capillary perfusion density (CPD) and capillary flux index (CFI). Generalized estimating equation analysis was used to account for the inclusion of 2 eyes from the same participant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>29 eyes of 19 patients with FTD and 85 eyes of 48 controls were analyzed. In FTD, 3x3mm macular PD (p = 0.02) and VD (p = 0.02) and CFI (p = 0.01) were reduced compared to controls. There was no difference in average 4.5x4.5mm CPD, RNFL thickness, GC-IPL thickness, CST, SFCT, CVI, FAZ, or 6x6mm VD or PD between FTD and controls (all p &gt; 0.05); however, there was a trend toward lower macular 6x6mm PD and VD in patients with FTD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Decline of peripapillary and macular OCT and OCTA parameters merit further investigation as potential biomarkers for FTD detection. Noninvasive retinal and choroidal imaging may hold promise for earlier detection, and future longitudinal studies will clarify their role in monitoring of FTD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T18:30:04Z","timestamp":1731090604000},"page":"e0312118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Angioarchitectural alterations in the retina and choroid in frontotemporal dementia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7320-2381","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ariana","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7909-510X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cason B.","family":"Robbins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanna","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Hemesat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin P.","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Haystead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Winslow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupesh","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim G.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea C.","family":"Bozoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra S.","family":"Stinnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilraj S.","family":"Grewal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4403-5996","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sharon","family":"Fekrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312118.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30403-4","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.","volume":"18","author":"Collaborators GBDD","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312118.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.11.1615","article-title":"The prevalence of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"58","author":"E Ratnavalli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312118.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181b1d5c6","article-title":"Update on frontotemporal dementia.","volume":"16","author":"Z. Arvanitakis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurologist."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312118.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e516","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001041","article-title":"Role of Optical Coherence Tomography in Identifying Retinal Biomarkers in Frontotemporal Dementia: A Review.","volume":"11","author":"O Moinuddin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312118.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.6.830","article-title":"Accuracy of the clinical evaluation for frontotemporal dementia","volume":"64","author":"MF Mendez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312118.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.212225","article-title":"Clinical, genetic and pathological heterogeneity of frontotemporal dementia: a review","volume":"82","author":"H Seelaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312118.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061706","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Neurodegenerative Disorders.","volume":"9","author":"M Pellegrini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"pone.0312118.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-018-0104-3","article-title":"Emerging Applications of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) in neurological research.","volume":"5","author":"L Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye Vis (Lond)."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312118.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.6.1546","article-title":"Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria","volume":"51","author":"D Neary","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0312118.ref010","first-page":"134","article-title":"Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia","author":"K Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312118.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6","article-title":"Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants","volume":"76","author":"ML Gorno-Tempini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0312118.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000442773","article-title":"ZEISS Angioplex Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: Technical Aspects.","volume":"56","author":"PJ Rosenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312118.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0146344","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146344","article-title":"Choroidal Vascularity Index (CVI)\u2014A Novel Optical Coherence Tomography Parameter for Monitoring Patients with Panuveitis?","volume":"11","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312118.ref014","first-page":"1698","article-title":"Relation between superficial capillaries and foveal structures in the human retina","volume":"27","author":"M Iwasaki","year":"1986","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"pone.0312118.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42201","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42201","article-title":"Detailed Vascular Anatomy of the Human Retina by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.","volume":"7","author":"JP Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312118.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3172-3","article-title":"Distinct perfusion patterns in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, frontotemporal dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies.","volume":"24","author":"MA Binnewijzend","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312118.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-009-9084-1","article-title":"Concordance and discordance between brain perfusion and atrophy in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"4","author":"S Shimizu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312118.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.9.5","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography-Derived Flux As a Measure of Physiological Changes in Retinal Capillary Blood Flow.","volume":"10","author":"F Abdolahi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Vis Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0312118.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S284872","article-title":"Repeatability of Vascular Density Measurement of the Three Retinal Plexus Layers Using OCT Angiography in Pathologic Eyes (OCTA Vascular Density Repeatability of Three Plexus Layers).","volume":"15","author":"L Mukkamala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312118.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3431","article-title":"Repeatability and Reproducibility of Superficial Macular Retinal Vessel Density Measurements Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography En Face Images","volume":"135","author":"J Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312118.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2019.02.002","article-title":"Retinal Microvascular and Neurodegenerative Changes in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment Compared with Control Participants.","volume":"3","author":"SP Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312118.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8050651","article-title":"Vascular Dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Prelude to the Pathological Process or a Consequence of It?","volume":"8","author":"K Govindpani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312118.ref023","first-page":"416","article-title":"The Lund and Manchester Groups.","volume":"57","author":"Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia.","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312118.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.060438","article-title":"Pathological heterogeneity of frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions delineated by ubiquitin immunohistochemistry and novel monoclonal antibodies","volume":"169","author":"DM Sampathu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312118.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-022-01124-3","article-title":"Neurovascular dysfunction in GRN-associated frontotemporal dementia identified by single-nucleus RNA sequencing of human cerebral cortex","volume":"25","author":"E Gerrits","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312118.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160886","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Reveals Retinal Neuroaxonal Thinning in Frontotemporal Dementia as in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"56","author":"L Ferrari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"pone.0312118.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00298","article-title":"Persistent and Progressive Outer Retina Thinning in Frontotemporal Degeneration.","volume":"13","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0312118.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004500","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography identifies outer retina thinning in frontotemporal degeneration","volume":"89","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312118.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160067","article-title":"The Association Between Retinal Neuronal Layer and Brain Structure is Disrupted in Patients with Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"54","author":"S Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"pone.0312118.ref030","first-page":"T12","article-title":"Ophthalmic Manifestations of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (An American Ophthalmological Society Thesis).","volume":"113","author":"NJ Volpe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312118.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2021.03.006","article-title":"Identifying Peripapillary Radial Capillary Plexus Alterations in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using OCT Angiography.","volume":"6","author":"CB Robbins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Retina."},{"key":"pone.0312118.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21090","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21090","article-title":"Choroidal vascularity index as a measure of vascular status of the choroid: Measurements in healthy eyes from a population-based study.","volume":"6","author":"R Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312118.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20180601-09","article-title":"Assessment of Differences in Retinal Microvasculature Using OCT Angiography in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Twin Discordance Report.","volume":"49","author":"DS Grewal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312118.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2017-310476","article-title":"Evaluation of optical coherence tomography angiographic findings in Alzheimer\u2019s type dementia","volume":"102","author":"M Bulut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"pone.0312118.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-015-0005-8","article-title":"A review of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).","volume":"1","author":"TE de Carlo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312118.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-022-00740-9","article-title":"Towards standardizing retinal optical coherence tomography angiography: a review.","volume":"11","author":"DM Sampson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Light Sci Appl"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312118.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21551","article-title":"Axial Length Variation Impacts on Superficial Retinal Vessel Density and Foveal Avascular Zone Area Measurements Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.","volume":"58","author":"DM Sampson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312118.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpab172","article-title":"Application of Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Macular Analysis for Systemic Hypertension. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"R Anjos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312118.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X231210866","article-title":"Role of noninvasive ocular imaging as a biomarker in peripheral artery disease (PAD): A systematic review.","volume":"29","author":"M Prem Senthil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vasc Med."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314692","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312118","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T18:30:16Z","timestamp":1731090616000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312118"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Massimo","family":"Filippi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312118","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314692","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]}}}