{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T19:15:32Z","timestamp":1785870932485,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this systematic review we have sought to summarise the current knowledge concerning biomarkers that can distinguish between steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome. Additionally, we aim to select biomarkers that have the best evidence-base and should be prioritised for further research. Pub med and web of science databases were searched using \u201csteroid resistant nephrotic syndrome AND biomarker\u201d. Papers published between 01\/01\/2012 and 10\/05\/2022 were included. Papers that did not compare steroid resistant and steroid sensitive nephrotic syndrome, did not report sensitivity\/specificity or area under curve and reviews\/letters were excluded. The selected papers were then assessed for bias using the QUADAS-2 tool. The source of the biomarker, cut off, sensitivity\/specificity, area under curve and sample size were all extracted. Quality assessment was performed using the BIOCROSS tool. 17 studies were included, comprising 15 case-control studies and 2 cross-sectional studies. Given the rarity of nephrotic syndrome and difficulty in recruiting large cohorts, case-control studies were accepted despite their limitations. We present a range of candidate biomarkers along with scores relating to the quality of the original publications and the risk of bias to inform future investigations. None of the selected papers stated whether the authors were blinded to the patient\u2019s disease when assessing the index test in the cohort. Highlighting a key problem in the field that needs to be addressed. These candidate biomarkers must now be tested with much larger sample sizes. Using new biobanks such as the one built by the NURTuRE-INS team will be very helpful in this regard.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T18:43:08Z","timestamp":1739472188000},"page":"e0312232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Biomarkers to predict or measure steroid resistance in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5836-3950","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carl J.","family":"May","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan P.","family":"Ford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gavin I.","family":"Welsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moin A.","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0312232.ref001","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"I. Ogobuiro","year":"2022"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI23577","article-title":"What determines glomerular capillary permeability?","volume":"114","author":"W.M. Deen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e3283296044","article-title":"Update on the glomerular filtration barrier","volume":"18","author":"G. Jarad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00242-0","article-title":"The glomerular filtration barrier: a structural target for novel kidney therapies","volume":"20","author":"I.S. Daehn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00380116","article-title":"Ethnic Differences in Incidence and Outcomes of Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"T.H. Banh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2016.00039","article-title":"Ethnic Differences in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"4","author":"R. Chanchlani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000313947","article-title":"Immunopathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"169","author":"S.Y. Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contrib Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312232.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1717-5","article-title":"New therapies in steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"26","author":"M. van Husen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312232.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1692-x","article-title":"Pathogenesis and therapy of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: an update","volume":"26","author":"R. Gbadegesin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312232.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1947-1","article-title":"Physiopathology of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: lessons from glucocorticoids and epigenetic perspectives","volume":"27","author":"V. Elie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref011","article-title":"Human Th17 cells produce a soluble mediator that increases podocyte motility via signalling pathways which mimic PAR-1 activation","author":"C.J. May","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1948.02030030090010","article-title":"Beneficial effect of measles on nephrosis; report of three cases","volume":"76","author":"E.H. Meizlik","year":"1948","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604961","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.604961","article-title":"Autoimmunity in Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis: A Long-Standing Yet Elusive Association","volume":"7","author":"M.A. Podesta","year":"2020","journal-title":". Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4242","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived immature myeloid cells are a main source of circulating suPAR contributing to proteinuric kidney disease","volume":"23","author":"E. Hahm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"10141","key":"pone.0312232.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30536-1","article-title":"Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"392","author":"D.G. Noone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3055","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016101121","article-title":"Long-Term Outcome of Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome in Children","volume":"28","author":"A. Trautmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.10.021","article-title":"End-Stage Renal Disease and Mortality Outcomes Across Different Glomerulonephropathies in a Large Diverse US Population","volume":"93","author":"J.J. Sim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312232.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04500511","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and predictors for ESRD and mortality in primary GN","volume":"7","author":"Y.H. Chou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.10.013","article-title":"Genomic and clinical profiling of a national nephrotic syndrome cohort advocates a precision medicine approach to disease management","volume":"91","author":"A. Bierzynska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-018-0583-x","article-title":"Development and reliability assessment of a new quality appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies using biomarker data (BIOCROSS)","volume":"18","author":"J. Wirsching","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312232.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-8-201110180-00009","article-title":"QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"155","author":"P.F. Whiting","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312232.ref022","first-page":"790","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"74","author":"M.J. Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312232.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431-018-0182-7","article-title":"Nephronectin (NPNT) and the prediction of nephrotic syndrome response to steroid treatment","volume":"26","author":"M.M. Watany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2019.09.009","article-title":"Predicting and Defining Steroid Resistance in Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome Using Plasma Proteomics","volume":"5","author":"S. Agrawal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177271917695832","DOI":"10.1177\/1177271917695832","article-title":"A Novel Biomarker Panel to Identify Steroid Resistance in Childhood Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"12","author":"M.R. Bennett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomark Insights"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4137\/BMI.S31633","article-title":"Urinary Vitamin D-Binding Protein as a Biomarker of Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"11","author":"M.R. Bennett","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomark Insights"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2012.875","article-title":"Screening for urinary biomarkers of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"5","author":"Y. Bai","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1159\/000339755","article-title":"Proteomic profiling identifies haptoglobin as a potential serum biomarker for steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Q. Wen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.301201","article-title":"Association of Urinary Vitamin D Binding Protein and Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin with Steroid Responsiveness in Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome of Childhood","volume":"31","author":"A. Choudhary","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.202764","article-title":"Assay of urinary protein carbonyl content can predict the steroid dependence and resistance in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"28","author":"N. Gopal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-021-00233-9","article-title":"Overexpression of P-glycoprotein and MRP-1 are pharmacogenomic biomarkers to determine steroid resistant phenotype in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"21","author":"N. Prasad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2892-6","article-title":"Serum suPAR levels help differentiate steroid resistance from steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"30","author":"Z. Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.265451","article-title":"High Serum Endothelin-1 Level is Associated with Poor Response to Steroid Therapy in Childhood-Onset Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"30","author":"H.M. Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.229266","article-title":"Evaluation of serum soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a marker for steroid-responsiveness in children with primary nephrotic syndrome","volume":"29","author":"S.O. Mousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-2442.174066","article-title":"Assay of urinary protein-bound sialic acid can differentiate steroidsensitive nephrotic syndrome from steroid-resistant cases","volume":"27","author":"N. Gopal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.12.027","article-title":"Plasma Cytokine Profiling to Predict Steroid Resistance in Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"6","author":"S. Agrawal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-015-1809-0","article-title":"Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase Associated Lipocalin to Creatinine Ratio: A Novel Index for Steroid Response in Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"83","author":"A. Nickavar","year":"2016","journal-title":". Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-2041-4","article-title":"Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D glucosaminidase (NAG) level in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"O.P. Mishra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref039","first-page":"90","article-title":"Urinary Interleukin-8 as a Biomarker for Steroid Resistance in Childhood Onset Nephrotic Syndrome %J GEGET","volume":"14","author":"H.M. Ahmed","year":"2019"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017070752","article-title":"Nephronectin Regulates Mesangial Cell Adhesion and Behavior in Glomeruli","volume":"29","author":"S.E. Zimmerman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2017.03.005","article-title":"Podocytes regulate the glomerular basement membrane protein nephronectin by means of miR-378a-3p in glomerular diseases","volume":"92","author":"J. Muller-Deile","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm496","article-title":"Nephronectin expression in nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis","volume":"23","author":"C.W. Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2015.08.020","article-title":"Reply: Acute Kidney Injury Definition and Beyond","volume":"30","author":"K. Kashani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-004-1694-7","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency in steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome in remission","volume":"20","author":"F.L. Weng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00910","article-title":"Vitamin D Binding Protein: A Historic Overview","volume":"10","author":"R. Bouillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312232.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061321","article-title":"Adiponectin, a Therapeutic Target for Obesity, Diabetes, and Endothelial Dysfunction","volume":"18","author":"A.E. Achari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.137","article-title":"The link between obesity and albuminuria: adiponectin and podocyte dysfunction","volume":"76","author":"K. Sharma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref048","first-page":"1645","article-title":"Adiponectin regulates albuminuria and podocyte function in mice","volume":"118","author":"K. Sharma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V131134","article-title":"Adiponectin, metabolic risk factors, and cardiovascular events among patients with end-stage renal disease","volume":"13","author":"C. Zoccali","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2012.02.024","article-title":"The complex role of adiponectin in chronic kidney disease","volume":"94","author":"T. Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312232.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3146-y","article-title":"Adiponectin in children and young adults with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"C.B. Sethna","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312232.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-021-02085-w","article-title":"Distribution of serum adiponectin isoforms in pediatric patients with steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome","volume":"25","author":"T. Tamai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312232.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1897-7","article-title":"Distinct metalloproteinase excretion patterns in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"26","author":"K.A. Czech","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0312232.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2005.10.007","article-title":"Relationships between circulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"366","author":"H.R. Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0366-6999.2009.02.017","article-title":"Could mycophenolate mofetil combined with benazapril delay tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 5\/6 nephrectomized rats?","volume":"122","author":"W.H. Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl743","article-title":"Specific changes in plasma concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, TIMP-1 and TGF-beta1 in patients with distinct types of primary glomerulonephritis","volume":"22","author":"B. Bauvois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.67.35","article-title":"Decreased expression of matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase in the kidneys of hereditary nephrotic (ICGN) mice","volume":"67","author":"K. Uchio-Yamada","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01405-0","article-title":"Pro-MMP-9 activation by the MT1-MMP\/MMP-2 axis and MMP-3: role of TIMP-2 and plasma membranes","volume":"308","author":"M. Toth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312232.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002108","article-title":"Localization of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in experimental progressive kidney scarring","volume":"71","author":"A.K. Ahmed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-012-0764-8","article-title":"New markers of apoptosis in children on chronic dialysis","volume":"18","author":"K. Musial","year":"2013","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312232.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-011-0604-2","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases and soluble Fas\/FasL system as novel regulators of apoptosis in children and young adults on chronic dialysis","volume":"16","author":"K. Musial","year":"2011","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.12.031","article-title":"Novel indicators of fibrosis-related complications in children with chronic kidney disease","volume":"430","author":"K. Musial","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312232.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9964","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000009964","article-title":"Urinary metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases as potential early biomarkers for renal fibrosis in children with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"97","author":"B. Bienias","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-009-9608-z","article-title":"NGAL: a biomarker of acute kidney injury and other systemic conditions","volume":"42","author":"S.S. Soni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-2075-7","article-title":"NGAL distinguishes steroid sensitivity in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"M.R. Bennett","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000088027.54400.C6","article-title":"Identification of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as a novel early urinary biomarker for ischemic renal injury","volume":"14","author":"J. Mishra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"9466","key":"pone.0312232.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)74811-X","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute renal injury after cardiac surgery","volume":"365","author":"J. Mishra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04010907","article-title":"Urine NGAL predicts severity of acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: a prospective study","volume":"3","author":"M. Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312232.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.07.020","article-title":"Accuracy of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in diagnosis and prognosis in acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"M. Haase","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1397-1","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL): a new marker of cyclosporine nephrotoxicity","volume":"25","author":"A. Wasilewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945287","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.945287","article-title":"The structure, biosynthesis, and biological roles of fetuin-A: A review.","volume":"10","author":"E. Chekol Abebe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"9360","key":"pone.0312232.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)12710-9","article-title":"Association of low fetuin-A (AHSG) concentrations in serum with cardiovascular mortality in patients on dialysis: a cross-sectional study","volume":"361","author":"M. Ketteler","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2015.018","article-title":"Fetuin-A (AHSG) and its usefulness in clinical practice. Review of the literature","volume":"159","author":"A.M. Dabrowska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88704","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088704","article-title":"Direct inhibitory effects of pioglitazone on hepatic fetuin-A expression","volume":"9","author":"A. Ochi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-021-00837-4","article-title":"Molecular and pathobiological involvement of fetuin-A in the pathogenesis of NAFLD","volume":"29","author":"O. Sardana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20832-7","article-title":"Fetuin-A is a HIF target that safeguards tissue integrity during hypoxic stress","volume":"12","author":"S. Rudloff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4149","article-title":"Active proteases in nephrotic plasma lead to a podocin-dependent phosphorylation of VASP in podocytes via protease activated receptor-1","volume":"229","author":"J.J. Harris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312232.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu355","article-title":"Permeability factors in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: historical perspectives and lessons for the future","volume":"29","author":"R.J. Maas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02003-4","article-title":"Protein energy-wasting associated with nephrotic syndrome\u2014the comparison of metabolic pattern in severe nephrosis to different stages of chronic kidney disease","volume":"21","author":"A. Matyjek","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0312232.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147619","article-title":"Biomarkers Associated with Organ-Specific Involvement in Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus","volume":"22","author":"J. Greenan-Barrett","year":"2021","journal-title":". Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35339-x","article-title":"A downstream molecule of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, protects against mouse model of renal fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"J. Bi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref082","first-page":"633","article-title":"The plasma lipocalins \u03b11-acid glycoprotein, apolipoprotein D, apolipoprotein M and complement protein C8\u03b3","year":"2005"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312232.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2289","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02503.x","article-title":"Structure and expression of the genes coding for human alpha 1-acid glycoprotein","volume":"6","author":"L. Dente","year":"1987","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2760343","article-title":"Inflammation-induced changes in expression and glycosylation of genetic variants of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein. Studies with human sera, primary cultures of human hepatocytes and transgenic mice","volume":"276","author":"W. van Dijk","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1988.tb01054.x","article-title":"Synthesis and secretion of alpha 2-macroglobulin by human hepatocytes in culture","volume":"18","author":"C. Munck Petersen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803244","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.803244","article-title":"Alpha-2-Macroglobulin in Inflammation, Immunity and Infections","volume":"12","author":"J. Vandooren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0312232.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3340","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201108015","article-title":"The crystal structure of human alpha2-macroglobulin reveals a unique molecular cage","volume":"51","author":"A. Marrero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed Engl"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(81)80197-4","article-title":"Primary structure of the \u2019bait\u2019 region for proteinases in alpha 2-macroglobulin. Nature of the complex","volume":"127","author":"L. Sottrup-Jensen","year":"1981","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-3848(02)00042-7","article-title":"Alpha 2-macroglobulin enhances prothrombin activation and thrombin potential by inhibiting the anticoagulant protein C\/protein S system in cord and adult plasma","volume":"105","author":"G. Cvirn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref090","article-title":"Podocyte protease actuated receptor 1 stimulation in mice produces focal segmental glomerulosclerosis mirroring human disease signaling events","author":"C.J. May","year":"2023","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref091","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"V. Chakravarthy","year":"2023"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref092","first-page":"139","article-title":"Evaluation of thyroid dysfunction in patients with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"92","author":"D. Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Pharm Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2014.2195","article-title":"A1BG and C3 are overexpressed in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III","volume":"8","author":"N.A. Canales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0312232.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13235901","article-title":"Proteomic Analysis Identifies FNDC1, A1BG, and Antigen Processing Proteins Associated with Tumor Heterogeneity and Malignancy in a Canine Model of Breast Cancer","volume":"13","author":"Y.G. Cordeiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312232.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1002\/elps.200600629","article-title":"Expression of high-abundance proteins in sera of patients with endometrial and cervical cancers: analysis using 2-DE with silver staining and lectin detection methods","volume":"28","author":"P.S. Abdul-Rahman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electrophoresis"},{"issue":"45","key":"pone.0312232.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32326","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.498337","article-title":"The extracellular chaperone haptoglobin prevents serum fatty acid-promoted amyloid fibril formation of beta2-microglobulin, resistance to lysosomal degradation, and cytotoxicity","volume":"288","author":"A. Sultan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37406-9","article-title":"Relationships of Haptoglobin Phenotypes with Systemic Inflammation and the Severity of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"9","author":"P.L. Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":". Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref098","first-page":"184","article-title":"Haptoglobin as a Biomarker","volume":"15","author":"S.N. Naryzny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Mosc Suppl B Biomed Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02698008","article-title":"Functions and oxidative stress status of leukocytes in patients with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"116","author":"T. Akyol","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref100","first-page":"165","article-title":"Oxidative stress status in children with nephrotic syndrome","volume":"39","author":"A. Rajbala","year":"1997","journal-title":"Panminerva Med"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0312232.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(02)00294-2","article-title":"Oxidative stress in pediatric nephrotic syndrome","volume":"325","author":"R. Kamireddy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v4.i2.196","article-title":"Renal dopaminergic system: Pathophysiological implications and clinical perspectives","volume":"4","author":"M.R. Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1431","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.90201.2008","article-title":"Treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate improves proteinuria, oxidative stress, and glomerular hypertension in overload proteinuria","volume":"295","author":"E. Tapia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.4.5917","article-title":"Penetration of dexamethasone into brain glucocorticoid targets is enhanced in mdr1A P-glycoprotein knockout mice","volume":"139","author":"O.C. Meijer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2009.11.005","article-title":"Selective resistance to different glucocorticoids in severe autoimmune disorders","volume":"134","author":"I. Drigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312232.ref106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-016-2142-y","article-title":"P-Glycoprotein Activity in Steroid-Responsive vs. Steroid-Resistant Nephrotic Syndrome","volume":"83","author":"H.S. Badr","year":"2016","journal-title":". Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2014.12.028","article-title":"Differential alteration in peripheral T-regulatory and T-effector cells with change in P-glycoprotein expression in Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome: A longitudinal study","volume":"72","author":"N. Prasad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref108","first-page":"260","article-title":"The relationship between renal P-glycoprotein expression and response to steroid therapy in childhood nephrotic syndrome","volume":"55","author":"M. Turkmen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0312232.ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026043387692","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of drug transporters and its impact on the pharmacotherapy","volume":"4","author":"T. Sakaeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312232.ref110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3968","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr150","article-title":"MDR-1 gene polymorphisms in steroid-responsive versus steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"26","author":"T. Jafar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref111","first-page":"927","article-title":"Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1\/ABCC1) polymorphism: from discovery to clinical application","volume":"36","author":"J. Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8267","article-title":"Multidrug resistance protein 1 protects the choroid plexus epithelium and contributes to the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier","volume":"105","author":"J. Wijnholds","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2004.06.034","article-title":"Expression of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and Mrp1 (ABCC1) in adult rat brain: focus on astrocytes","volume":"1021","author":"C. Mercier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2000.917304.x","article-title":"The innate immune response of the respiratory epithelium","volume":"173","author":"G. Diamond","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13647","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13647","article-title":"Full-length soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor down-modulates nephrin expression in podocytes","volume":"5","author":"M. Alfano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0312232.ref116","first-page":"2167","article-title":"Soluble Urokinase Receptor and Acute Kidney Injury. Reply","volume":"382","author":"S.S. Hayek","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"pone.0312232.ref117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-2026-7","article-title":"suPAR and chronic kidney disease-a podocyte story","volume":"469","author":"M. Zeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref118","first-page":"3232848","article-title":"Soluble Urokinase Receptor and the Kidney Response in Diabetes Mellitus","author":"R.R. Dande","year":"2017","journal-title":". J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2016.11.004","article-title":"Soluble Urokinase-type Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) and Impaired Kidney Function in the Population-based Malmo Diet and Cancer Study","volume":"2","author":"C.A. Schulz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05960616","article-title":"Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"A.Z. Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref121","first-page":"46","article-title":"Diagnostic value of soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor serum levels in adults with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"34","author":"A. Segarra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0b013e3182977ab1","article-title":"Urine but not serum soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) may identify cases of recurrent FSGS in kidney transplant candidates","volume":"96","author":"C.R. Franco Palacios","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312232.ref123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2013.117","article-title":"Transplantation: Urine\u2014but not serum\u2014suPAR might predict FSGS recurrence","volume":"9","author":"R. Kelsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312232.ref124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-014-1067-x","article-title":"Clinical significance of serum and urinary soluble urokinase receptor (suPAR) in primary nephrotic syndrome and MPO-ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis","volume":"19","author":"K. Fujimoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Japanese. Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1159\/000490118","article-title":"What is the Role of Soluble Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator in Renal Disease?","volume":"139","author":"M.A. Saleem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.32","article-title":"Serum-soluble urokinase receptor concentration in primary FSGS","volume":"81","author":"R.J.H. Maas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.230","article-title":"Regarding Maas\u2019s editorial letter on serum suPAR levels","volume":"82","author":"H. Trachtman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e031812","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-031812","article-title":"Serum soluble urokinase type plasminogen activated receptor and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"T. Shuai","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780641","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.780641","article-title":"Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor (suPAR) as a Biomarker of Systemic Chronic Inflammation","volume":"12","author":"L.J.H. Rasmussen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4137\/BMI.S19876","article-title":"Risk factors associated with serum levels of the inflammatory biomarker soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in a general population","volume":"9","author":"T.H. Haupt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomark Insights"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0312232.ref131","article-title":"The Association of suPAR with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Young and Healthy Adults","volume":"13","author":"N.F. Wohlwend","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"7880","key":"pone.0312232.ref132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91880-7","article-title":"Pathogenesis of lipoid nephrosis: a disorder of T-cell function","volume":"2","author":"R.J. Shalhoub","year":"1974","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747324","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.747324","article-title":"Interleukin-7 Biology and Its Effects on Immune Cells: Mediator of Generation, Differentiation, Survival, and Homeostasis","volume":"12","author":"D. Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14541","article-title":"Different expression patterns of plasma Th1-, Th2-, Th17- and Th22-related cytokines correlate with serum autoreactivity and allergen sensitivity in chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"32","author":"Q. Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.036","article-title":"Interleukin-9 protects from early podocyte injury and progressive glomerulosclerosis in Adriamycin-induced nephropathy","volume":"98","author":"T. Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20040095","article-title":"Role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"107","author":"J.G. van den Berg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312232.ref137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1991.157","article-title":"Cytokine- and LPS-induced synthesis of interleukin-8 from human mesangial cells","volume":"39","author":"D.J. Kusner","year":"1991","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312232.ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6244","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.12.6244","article-title":"Expression of functional CCR and CXCR chemokine receptors in podocytes","volume":"168","author":"T.B. Huber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1992.26","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo interleukin-8 production in human renal cortical epithelia","volume":"41","author":"R.L. Schmouder","year":"1992","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670050276","article-title":"Effect of interleukin-8 on glomerular sulfated compounds and albuminuria","volume":"11","author":"E.H. Garin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1159\/000072065","article-title":"Interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are increased in minimal change disease but do not alter albumin permeability","volume":"23","author":"M.H. Cho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312232.ref142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0027","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): an overview","volume":"29","author":"S.L. Deshmane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref143","first-page":"17","article-title":"Urinary monocyte chemotactic protein 1 as a predictive marker of steroid responsiveness in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"4","author":"Y. Matsumoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fujita Medical Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312232.ref144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V76906","article-title":"Monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 expression in acute and chronic human nephritides: a pathogenetic role in interstitial monocytes recruitment","volume":"7","author":"G. Grandaliano","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000369576","article-title":"Effects of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha on Podocyte Expression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and in Diabetic Nephropathy","volume":"5","author":"C.H. Chung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephron Extra"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V134894","article-title":"Role of high glucose-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression by mesangial cells","volume":"13","author":"H. Ha","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312232.ref147","first-page":"536","article-title":"Glomerular expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in experimental and human glomerulonephritis","volume":"71","author":"B.H. Rovin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06373-y","article-title":"The first-year course of urine MCP-1 and its association with response to treatment and long-term kidney prognosis in lupus nephritis","volume":"42","author":"A.A. Perez-Arias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-009-0404-y","article-title":"Structural biology of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase","volume":"38","author":"S. Bale","year":"2010","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"issue":"6338","key":"pone.0312232.ref150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1038\/352803a0","article-title":"Nuclear association of a T-cell transcription factor blocked by FK-506 and cyclosporin A","volume":"352","author":"W.M. Flanagan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312232.ref151","first-page":"4760","article-title":"Identification of the immunophilins capable of mediating inhibition of signal transduction by cyclosporin A and FK506: roles of calcineurin binding and cellular location","volume":"13","author":"R.J. Bram","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312232.ref152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21983","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202101052R","article-title":"Tacrolimus ameliorates podocyte injury by restoring FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12) at actin cytoskeleton","volume":"35","author":"H. Yasuda","year":"2021","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312232.ref153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.165740","article-title":"suPAR links a dysregulated immune response to tissue inflammation and sepsis-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"8","author":"C. Nusshag","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"9304","key":"pone.0312232.ref154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07605-5","article-title":"Case-control studies: research in reverse","volume":"359","author":"K.F. Schulz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref155","unstructured":"13\/03\/23]; Available from: https:\/\/www.nurturebiobank.org\/dynamic-data-ins\/."},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0312232.ref156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djn326","article-title":"Pivotal evaluation of the accuracy of a biomarker used for classification or prediction: standards for study design","volume":"100","author":"M.S. Pepe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref157","volume-title":"The Statistical Evaluation of Medical Tests for Classification and Prediction","author":"Pepe","year":"2004"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0208100","article-title":"The acute phase protein haptoglobin regulates host immunity","volume":"84","author":"K.M. Huntoon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16806","DOI":"10.5812\/numonthly.16806","article-title":"Urinary prognostic biomarkers in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"6","author":"S. Kalantari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrourol Mon"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312232.ref160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i3.206","article-title":"Progress on haptoglobin and metabolic diseases","volume":"12","author":"B.N. Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312232.ref161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s43054-022-00117-y","article-title":"Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) and glomerular disease in children: a narrative review","volume":"70","author":"P.A. Le Thy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Egyptian Pediatric Association Gazette"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312232.ref162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs543","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 ligand, polyIC, induces proteinuria and glomerular CD80, and increases urinary CD80 in mice","volume":"28","author":"T. Ishimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312232.ref163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.08.007","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying modulation of podocyte TRPC6 channels by suPAR: Role of NADPH oxidases and Src family tyrosine kinases","volume":"1864","author":"E.Y. Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"key":"pone.0312232.ref164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-12-81","article-title":"Urinary soluble urokinase receptor levels are elevated and pathogenic in patients with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"12","author":"J. Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312232.ref165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2411","article-title":"Circulating urokinase receptor as a cause of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"C. Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312232.ref166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.55","article-title":"Plasma soluble urokinase receptor levels are increased but do not distinguish primary from secondary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis","volume":"84","author":"J. Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312232.ref167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07680712","article-title":"Serum soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor levels and idiopathic FSGS in children: a single-center report","volume":"8","author":"M.E. Bock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312232","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T18:44:00Z","timestamp":1739472240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312232"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Bhimma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312232","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]}}}