{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T08:27:53Z","timestamp":1791966473660,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human and animal health is threatened by Hendra virus (HeV), which has few treatments. This <jats:italic>in-silico<\/jats:italic> vaccine design study focuses on HeV G (glycoprotein), F (fusion protein), and M (matrix protein). These proteins were computationally assessed for B and T-cell epitopes after considering HeV strain conservation, immunogenicity, and antigenicity. To improve vaccination immunogenicity, these epitopes were selectively ligated into a multiepitope construct. To improve vaccination longevity and immunological response, adjuvants and linkers were ligated. G, F, and M epitopes were used to create an mRNA HeV vaccine. Cytotoxic, helper, and linear B-lymphocytes\u2019 epitopes are targeted by this vaccine. The population coverage analysis demonstrates that multi-epitope vaccination covers 91.81 percent of CTL and 98.55 percent of HTL epitopes worldwide. GRAVY evaluated the vaccine\u2019s well-characterized physicochemical properties -0.503, indicating solubility and functional stability. Structure analysis showed well-stabilized 2\u00b0 and 3\u00b0 structures in the vaccine, with alpha helix, beta sheet, and coil structures (Ramachandran score of 88.5% and Z score of -3.44). There was a strong affinity as shown by docking tests with TLR-4 (central score of -1139.4 KJ\/mol) and TLR-2 (center score of -1277.9 KJ\/mol). The coupled V-apo, V-TLR2, and V-TLR4 complexes were tested for binding using molecular dynamics simulation where extremely stable complexes were found. The predicted mRNA structures provided significant stability. Codon optimization for <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>coli<\/jats:italic> synthesis allowed the vaccine to attain a GC content of 46.83% and a CAI score of 1.0, which supports its significant expression. Immunological simulations indicated vaccine-induced innate and adaptive immune reactions. Finally, this potential HeV vaccine needs more studies to prove its efficacy and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,23]],"date-time":"2024-10-23T17:35:42Z","timestamp":1729704942000},"page":"e0312239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Designing novel multiepitope mRNA vaccine targeting Hendra virus (HeV): An integrative approach utilizing immunoinformatics, reverse vaccinology, and molecular dynamics simulation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ahmad Abdullah","family":"Mahdeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2516-8689","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Imam","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0055-1895","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. 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