{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:02:00Z","timestamp":1778083320502,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P 35180-G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 35180-G"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper analyses the relationship between working from home (WFH) and mental well-being at different stages during the first two critical years of the COVID-19 pandemic, when governments repeatedly imposed lockdowns and enacted WFH mandates to contain the spread of the virus. Using data from a representative survey conducted at four different time periods in 2020 (first lockdown, subsequent gradual reopening), 2021 (further lockdown) and 2022 (restrictions widely lifted) in the 27 EU member states, it examines the changing role of several mediators over time: work-family conflict, family-work conflict, stability, resilience, isolation, the importance of different support networks, workload, physical risk of contracting COVID-19 at work and housing conditions. For the first lockdown, it also differentiates by previous WFH experience, in terms of WFH novices and experienced WFH workers. It likewise differentiates by gender, in order to take the potential gendered nature of COVID-19 measures into account. The results point to several important mediators: for those who work from home, less family-work conflict and isolation, but greater stability, resilience, network support from family and friends, and superior housing conditions were associated with better mental well-being. The relevance of mediators was specific to certain stages of the pandemic. Stability was the most important mediator during the first lockdown. Work-family conflict and family-work conflict were only relevant during the first lockdown, while resilience and isolation mattered especially towards the end of the pandemic. Unlike established WFH workers, WFH novices had an advantage during the first lockdown, benefiting from lower family-work conflict and more helpful networks of family and friends. Our results differ by gender: for females who undertook WFH, important mediators were work-family conflict and family-work conflict. Both were related to adjustments they had to make in work and non-work hours in response to the enforced closure of schools and childcare facilities. For males who undertook WFH, support from networks of family and friends was an important mediator during the first lockdown.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T18:21:22Z","timestamp":1731522082000},"page":"e0312299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Working from home and mental well-being at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7809-5041","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandra M.","family":"Leitner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1002\/job.144","article-title":"A review of telework research: Findings, new directions, and lessons for the study of modern work.","volume":"23","author":"DE Bailey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Organ. Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312299.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.92.6.1524","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences.","volume":"92","author":"RS Gajendran","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312299.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qju032","article-title":"Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment.","volume":"130","author":"N Bloom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Q. J. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312299.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jebo.2012.04.009","article-title":"The effects of telecommuting on productivity: An experimental examination.","volume":"84","author":"EG Dutcher","year":"2012","journal-title":"The role of dull and creative tasks. J. Econ. Behav. Organ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312299.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.telpol.2019.101868","article-title":"Mechanisms to improve labor productivity by performing telework.","volume":"44","author":"S. Kazekami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Telecommun. Policy"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312299.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-019-00196-6","article-title":"Does telework stress employees out? A study on working at home and subjective well-being for wage\/salary workers","volume":"21","author":"Y Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Happiness Stud"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312299.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E180","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000001132","article-title":"Not extent of telecommuting, but job characteristics as proximal predictors of work-related well-being.","volume":"59","author":"T Vander Elst","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312299.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1002\/job.2176","article-title":"Getting away from them all: Managing exhaustion from social interaction with telework.","volume":"38","author":"JB Windeler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Org. Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e052733","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-052733","article-title":"Working from home in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the employees working from home (EWFH) study.","volume":"12","author":"J Oakman","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/13668803.2019.1616532","article-title":"voluntary flexible work: Insights for scholars and stakeholders.","volume":"22","author":"A Kaduk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Involuntary vsCommunity, Work & Family,"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000330","article-title":"Teleworking and work-life balance during the COVID-19 pandemic: A scoping review.","volume":"64","author":"S Elbaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. Psychol"},{"issue":"188","key":"pone.0312299.ref012","first-page":"1","article-title":"The relationship between homeworking during COVID-19 and both, mental health, and productivity: A systematic review.","volume":"11","author":"C Hall","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Psy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041836","article-title":"The psychological consequences of COVID-19: Fear and the moderator effects of individuals\u2019 underlying illness and witnessing infected friends and family.","volume":"18","author":"O Ko\u00e7ak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2021.1889097","article-title":"The relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mental health problems: A meta-analysis.","volume":"46","author":"Z \u015eim\u015fir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106831","article-title":"COVID-19 risk management at the workplace, fear of infection and fear of transmission of infection among frontline employees.","volume":"78","author":"K Nabe-Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"pone.0312299.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2021.1901905","article-title":"COVID-19 and mental health of food retail, food service, and hospitality workers. J","volume":"18","author":"MAS Rosemberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"issue":"100","key":"pone.0312299.ref017","article-title":"The prevalence of stress, anxiety and depression within front-line healthcare workers caring for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review and meta-regression.","volume":"18","author":"N Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Resour. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312299.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052657","article-title":"Signifying the relationship between fear of COVID-19, psychological concerns, financial concerns and healthcare employees job performance: A mediated model.","volume":"19","author":"M Sarfraz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/08404704211021109","article-title":"Evaluating the mental health and well-being of Canadian healthcare workers during the COVID-19 outbreak.","volume":"34","author":"JMP Wilbiks","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthc. Manag. For"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref020","first-page":"1446","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Norwegian version of the fear of COVID-19 scale.","volume":"20","author":"MM Iversen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10672-023-09448-3","article-title":"An empirical analysis of the mediating role of fear of COVID-19 between telecommuting and employees retention.","volume":"36","author":"AS Kakar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Empl. Respons. Right. J"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312299.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3740","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17103740","article-title":"Depression and anxiety in Hong Kong during COVID-19.","volume":"17","author":"EPH Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312299.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256530","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256530","article-title":"Health effects of immediate telework introduction during the COVID-19 era in Japan: A cross-sectional study.","volume":"16","author":"Q Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031122","article-title":"Healthy and happy working from home? Effects of working from home on employee health and job satisfaction","volume":"19","author":"F Niebuhr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. He"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312299.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-01-2021-0033","article-title":"Well-being and working from home during COVID-19.","volume":"36","author":"S Schifano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inform. Technol. Peopl"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312299.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e636","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002318","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of the mismatch between telecommuting preference and frequency associated with psychological distress among Japanese workers in the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"63","author":"S Otsuka","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1080\/1359432X.2021.2002299","article-title":"The impact of remote work and mediated communication frequency on isolation and psychological distress.","volume":"31","author":"W Van Zoonen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Work Organ. Psy"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref028","article-title":"Cognitive and mental health changes and their vulnerability factors related to COVID-19 lockdown in Italy.","author":"E Fiorenzato","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/bjir.12761","article-title":"Adopting telework. The causal impact of working from home on subjective well-being in 2020.","volume":"61","author":"G Gueguen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brit. J. Ind. Rel"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002097","article-title":"Impacts of working from home during COVID-19 pandemic on physical and mental well-being of office workstation users.","volume":"63","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/j.shaw.2021.01.010","article-title":"Occupational health problems and lifestyle changes among novice working-from-home workers amid the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"12","author":"C Ekpanyaskul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saf. Health Work"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref032","article-title":"Homeworking in the UK: Before and during the 2020 lockdown,\u201d WISERD Report.","author":"A Felstead","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiff: Wales Institute of Social and Economic Research"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14349-5","article-title":"Mental and physical health and well-being of Canadian employees who were working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"22","author":"KG Somasundram","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pub. He"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004214","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004214","article-title":"Home working and social and mental wellbeing at different stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK: Evidence from 7 longitudinal population surveys.","volume":"20","author":"J Wels","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"44","key":"pone.0312299.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7575","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147575","article-title":"Homeworking, well-being and the COVID-19 pandemic: A diary study","volume":"18","author":"SJ Wood","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. He"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2022-0081","article-title":"Association between home working and mental health by key worker status during the Covid-19 pandemic. Evidence from four British longitudinal studies.","volume":"60","author":"B Wielgoszewska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. He"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878787","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.878787","article-title":"Vaccination against COVID-19 reduces virus-related fears: Findings from a German longitudinal study.","volume":"10","author":"D Seddig","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pub. He."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312299.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256406","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256406","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccines and mental distress.","volume":"16","author":"F Perez-Arce","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312299.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.11.006","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination and mental health: A difference-in-difference analysis of the understanding America study.","volume":"62","author":"J Koltai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0312299.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11588","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811588","article-title":"The Impact of working from home on mental health: A cross-sectional study of Canadian worker\u2019s mental health during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"19","author":"A Bodner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312299.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.2466\/PR0.104.2.395-402","article-title":"Home-based telecommuting and quality of life: Further evidence on an employee-oriented human resource practice.","volume":"104","author":"S Hornung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00189","article-title":"Health-related consequences of work-family conflict from a European perspective: Results of a scoping review.","volume":"7","author":"L-S Borgman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pub. He"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1177\/1059601115619548","article-title":"Toward understanding remote workers\u2019 management of work\u2013family boundaries: The complexity of workplace embeddedness.","volume":"42","author":"KA Eddleston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Group Organ. Manag"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312299.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/13668803.2021.1993138","article-title":"Working from home, work-family conflict, and the role of gender and gender role attitudes","volume":"26","author":"D Yucel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Community, Work & Family"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s11150-020-09502-1","article-title":"Women\u2019s and men\u2019s work, housework and childcare, before and during COVID-19.","volume":"18","author":"D Del Boca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Household"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312299.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/roiw.12563","article-title":"How the COVID-19 lockdown affected gender inequality in paid and unpaid work in Spain.","volume":"68","author":"L Farr\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Income. Wealth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312299.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S169","DOI":"10.1093\/oxrep\/graa027","article-title":"Baby steps: The gender division of childcare during COVID19.","volume":"36","author":"A Sevilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxford Rev. Econ. Pol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312299.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1177\/21650799221119155","article-title":"TElewoRk-RelAted Stress (TERRA), psychological and physical strain of working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.","volume":"71","author":"MR Gualano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Workplace Health Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0247959","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247959","article-title":"Gender differences in unpaid care work and psychological distress in the UK Covid-19 lockdown.","volume":"16","author":"B Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312299.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2022-0077","article-title":"Gender difference in working from home and psychological distress: A national survey of US employees during the COVID-19 pandemic.","volume":"60","author":"TA Matthews","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Health"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993317","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.993317","article-title":"Working from home, work-time control and mental health: Results from the Brazilian longitudinal study of adult health (ELSA-Brasil).","volume":"13","author":"RH Griep","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref052","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory.","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1978"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312299.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8791(02)00030-1","article-title":"Job demands and job resources as predictors of absence duration and frequency.","volume":"62","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2023a","journal-title":"J. Vocat. Beh"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312299.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1037\/1072-5245.10.1.16","article-title":"A multi-group analysis of the job demands-resources model in four home care organizations.","volume":"10","author":"AB Bakker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Stress Manag"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.86.3.499","article-title":"The job demands-resources model of burnout.","volume":"86","author":"E Demerouti","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Appl. Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/job.248","article-title":"Job demands, job resources, and their relationship with burnout and engagement: A multi-sample study.","volume":"25","author":"WB Schaufeli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Org. Behav"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220263","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1220263","article-title":"How job demands and job resources contribute to our overall subjective well-being.","volume":"14","author":"S Claes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5640-3_4","volume-title":"Bridging occupational, organizational and public health: A transdisciplinary approach","author":"WB Schaufeli","year":"2014"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.40.3.879","article-title":"Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models.","volume":"4","author":"KJ Preacher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref060","volume-title":"Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A regression-based approach. Second edition.","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312299.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structural analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives.","volume":"6","author":"Bentler PM Hu L-t","year":"1999","journal-title":"Struct. Equ. Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312299.ref062","article-title":"Power analysis for parameter estimation in structural equation modeling: A discussion and tutorial.","volume":"4","author":"YA Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Meth. Pract. Psy. Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312299.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1348\/0007110042307267","article-title":"Examining time-invariance in reliability in multi-wave, multi-indicator models: A covariance structure analysis approach accounting for indicator specificity","volume":"57","author":"T Raykov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brit. J. Math. Stat. Psy"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312299.ref064","first-page":"1635","article-title":"Implications of COVID-19: The effect of working from home on financial and mental well-being in the UK.","volume":"11","author":"E Giovanis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. He. Pol. Manag"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0312299.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10302","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910302","article-title":"The influence of work\u2013family conflict on burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: The effect of teleworking overload.","volume":"18","author":"HR Barriga Medina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312299.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e426","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002236","article-title":"Work from home during the COVID-19 outbreak: The impact on employees\u2019 remote work productivity, engagement, and stress.","volume":"63","author":"T Galanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312299.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002726","article-title":"Working from home, work-life balance, and depression\/anxiety among Korean workers in the COVID-19 pandemic period: A mediation analysis.","volume":"65","author":"HY Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environm. Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312299.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19094955","article-title":"The role of self-efficacy, work-related autonomy and work-family conflict on employee\u2019s stress level during home-based remote work in Germany.","volume":"19","author":"M Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. He"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23514","article-title":"Do work\u2013family conflict or family\u2013work conflict mediate relationships between work-related hazards and stress and pain?","volume":"66","author":"V Weale","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0249107","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249107","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on mental health and quality of life: Is there any effect? A cross-sectional study of the MENA region","volume":"16","author":"AS Al Dhaheri","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113117","article-title":"Loneliness: A signature mental health concern in the era of COVID-19.","volume":"290","author":"WD Killgore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiat. Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312299.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1080\/19491247.2021.1940686","article-title":"\u2018Trapped\u2019, \u2018anxious\u2019 and \u2018traumatised\u2019: COVID-19 intensified the impact of housing inequality on Australians\u2019 mental health.","volume":"23","author":"M Bower","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hous. Pol"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741585","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.741585","article-title":"Don\u2019t call it smart: Working from home during the pandemic crisis.","volume":"12","author":"B Barbieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref074","first-page":"17","article-title":"The role of sex and gender in the changing levels of anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.","author":"H Seens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294825","article-title":"Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance","volume":"58","author":"W. Meredith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcr.2019.02.002","article-title":"Life course social connectedness: age-cohort trends in social participation.","volume":"39","author":"S. Ang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Life Course Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312299.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-089X(02)00006-6","article-title":"Gender differences in the exchange of social support with friends, neighbors, and co-workers at midlife.","volume":"31","author":"CA Liebler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Res"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1353\/cja.2004.0018","article-title":"Gender and marital-history differences in emotional and social loneliness among Dutch older adults","volume":"23","author":"PA Dykstra","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Aging"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1032154","article-title":"Gender role attitudes and work\u2013family conflict: A multiple mediating model including moderated mediation analysis.","volume":"13","author":"G Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312299.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1086\/689814","article-title":"One egalitarianism or several? Two decades of gender-role attitude change in Europe","volume":"122","author":"CR Knight","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref081","volume-title":"HCI International 2020 \u2013Late Breaking Papers: Interaction, Knowledge and Social Media. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science;12427","author":"Springer","year":"2020"},{"issue":"S1","key":"pone.0312299.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/gwao.12506","article-title":"COVID-19 and the gender gap in work hours.","volume":"28","author":"C Collins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gender. Work. Organ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312299.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1353\/jod.1995.0002","article-title":"Bowling alone: America\u2019s declining social capital.","volume":"6","author":"RD Putnam","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Democ"},{"key":"pone.0312299.ref084","unstructured":"Eurostat. Employed persons working from home as a percentage of the total employment, by sex, age and professional status (%) (lfsa_ehomp)."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T18:21:46Z","timestamp":1731522106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312299"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Brij Bhooshan","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312299","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]}}}