{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:38:20Z","timestamp":1790095100996,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 31970177"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 31970177"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019091","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D202310008129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D202310008129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019091","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> represents one of the significant etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in pediatric patients. However, clinical treatment of <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection in children has encountered challenges due to the escalating resistance to quinolones. Numerous studies have highlighted the potential of probiotic lactobacillus administration in boosting immune responses to bacterial and viral respiratory infections. In this study, the protective efficacy of pre-oral administration of <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> GG (LGG), <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:italic> F275, <jats:italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic> NCIMB 8826, <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>plantarum<\/jats:italic> S1 or <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>plantarum<\/jats:italic> S2 was evaluated in the BALB\/c mice model; it was observed that among these five strains of lactobacillus, the supplementation of LGG exhibited the most significant protective effect against <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection. Moreover, when administered orally, both live LGG and heat-inactivated LGG have demonstrated efficacy in reducing the burden of <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the lungs and alleviating pulmonary inflammation. Oral supplementation with LGG resulted in the inhibition of neutrophil recruitment into the lungs and increased recruitment of alveolar macrophages in <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>-infected mice. Additionally, LGG supplementation led to increased production of IL-10 and secretory IgA (sIgA), while suppressing the levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, IL-17A, and TNF-\u03b1 in the lungs of mice infected with <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. The data suggests that supplementation with LGG can modulate immune responses, decrease pathogen load, and alleviate inflammatory injury in the lungs of <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>-infected mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T17:29:38Z","timestamp":1729877378000},"page":"e0312318","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The protective effect and immunomodulatory ability of orally administrated Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG against Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in BALB\/c mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Huanbing","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiting","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting feng","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengxiao","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2155-9222","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cuiming","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312318.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1405870","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children","volume":"372","author":"S Jain","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2004.06.006","article-title":"An Asian study on the prevalence of atypical respiratory pathogens in community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"YF Ngeow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2020.08.018","article-title":"Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia requiring intensive care in children, 2010\u20132019","volume":"120","author":"KL Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"pone.0312318.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.07.020","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory profiles of refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children","volume":"29","author":"M Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312318.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1086\/392498","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae and asthma in children","volume":"38","author":"S Biscardi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312318.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.05.022","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae and health outcomes in children with asthma","volume":"119","author":"PR Wood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312318.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.10.002","article-title":"Rational stepwise approach for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in children","volume":"54","author":"TA Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312318.ref008","article-title":"Global Trends in the Proportion of Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"K Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2023.01.010","article-title":"The clinical significance of and the factors associated with macrolide resistance and poor macrolide response in pediatric Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection: A retrospective study","volume":"56","author":"MH Yen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312318.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020119","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infections: Pathogenesis and Vaccine Development","volume":"10","author":"Z Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312318.ref011","article-title":"Lactobacillus species: taxonomic complexity and controversial susceptibilities","volume":"60","author":"EJ Goldstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0312318.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9217-9","article-title":"Roles and applications of probiotic Lactobacillus strains","volume":"102","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1815","article-title":"Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers: comparison of two probiotic agents","volume":"115","author":"Z Weizman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312318.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16103","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum DR7 improved upper respiratory tract infections via enhancing immune and inflammatory parameters: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"102","author":"HX Chong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312318.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/1348-0421.12725","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 upregulates hyaluronic acid production in epidermal cells and fibroblasts in mice","volume":"63","author":"H Nakai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312318.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11071678","article-title":"Daily Intake of Fermented Milk Containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota (Lcs) Modulates Systemic and Upper Airways Immune\/Inflammatory Responses in Marathon Runners","volume":"11","author":"M Vaisberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312318.ref017","first-page":"547","article-title":"[Effect of Lactobacillus casei on the incidence of infectious conditions in children]","volume":"21","author":"JM Cobo Sanz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"pone.0312318.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00389","article-title":"Challenges in the Management of SARS-CoV2 Infection: The Role of Oral Bacteriotherapy as Complementary Therapeutic Strategy to Avoid the Progression of COVID-19","volume":"7","author":"G d\u2019Ettorre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.2018899","article-title":"Probiotic improves symptomatic and viral clearance in Covid19 outpatients: a randomized, quadruple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"14","author":"P Guti\u00e9rrez-Castrell\u00f3n","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312318.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12374","DOI":"10.21037\/apm-21-3373","article-title":"The efficacy of probiotics in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"10","author":"H Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312318.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.06.024","article-title":"Immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus improves resistance of infant mice against respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"17","author":"E Chiba","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2014.07.011","article-title":"Oral intake of Lactobacillus rhamnosus M21 enhances the survival rate of mice lethally infected with influenza virus","volume":"49","author":"JA Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312318.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-64.11.1768","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus casei and yogurt administration on prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in young mice","volume":"64","author":"S Alvarez","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Food Prot"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312318.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00570-19","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on Inflammatory Response Induced by Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"87","author":"M Vareille-Delarbre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312318.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097861","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium longum attenuate lung injury and inflammatory response in experimental sepsis","volume":"9","author":"L Khailova","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312318.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/73.2.365s","article-title":"Taxonomy and important features of probiotic microorganisms in food and nutrition","volume":"73","author":"WH Holzapfel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312318.ref027","first-page":"373","article-title":"[Bacteria of Lactobacillus casei group: characterization, viability as probiotic in food products and their importance for human health]","volume":"57","author":"FC Buriti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Latinoam Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jambio\/lxad022","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus casei CNRZ1874 supplementation promotes M1 alveolar macrophage activation and attenuates Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"134","author":"N Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref029","article-title":"Update of the list of qualified presumption of safety (QPS) recommended microbiological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 17: suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until September 2022","volume":"21","author":"K Koutsoumanis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Efsa j"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.04.022","article-title":"Assessment of the effect of stress-tolerance acquisition on some basic characteristics of specific probiotics","volume":"165","author":"E du Toit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312318.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202006-2576OC","article-title":"CC16 Binding to \u03b1(4)\u03b2(1) Integrin Protects against Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection","volume":"203","author":"MDL Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312318.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix559","article-title":"The Role of B Cells in Carriage and Clearance of Mycoplasma pneumoniae From the Respiratory Tract of Mice","volume":"217","author":"PM Meyer Sauteur","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.12.022","article-title":"Lactobacillus priming of the respiratory tract: Heterologous immunity and protection against lethal pneumovirus infection","volume":"97","author":"KE Garcia-Crespo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"issue":"32","key":"pone.0312318.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.05.074","article-title":"Vaccination using inactivated Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces detrimental infiltration of neutrophils after subsequent infection in mice","volume":"38","author":"S Tamiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312318.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.007872-0","article-title":"Immunological analysis and pathological examination of gnotobiotic mice monoassociated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae","volume":"58","author":"H Sekine","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146377","article-title":"Role of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae\/Interleukin-8\/Neutrophil Axis in the Pathogenesis of Pneumonia","volume":"11","author":"Z Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref037","article-title":"Scientific Opinion on the update of the list of QPS-recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA","volume":"15","author":"A Ricci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Efsa j"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312318.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12403","article-title":"Meta-analysis: Lactobacillus GG for treating acute gastroenteritis in children\u2014updated analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"H Szajewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.43","article-title":"Neonatal colonization of mice with LGG promotes intestinal development and decreases susceptibility to colitis in adulthood","volume":"10","author":"F Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-020-01073-9","article-title":"Surface display of p75, a Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG derived protein, on Bacillus subtilis spores and its antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes","volume":"10","author":"SJ Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2008.02540.x","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG inhibits invasion of cultured human respiratory cells by prtF1-positive macrolide-resistant group A streptococci","volume":"48","author":"MS Princivalli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312318.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2568","article-title":"Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections","volume":"125","author":"I Hojsak","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312318.ref043","first-page":"6","article-title":"Oral administration of lactobacilli from human intestinal tract protects mice against influenza virus infection","volume":"51","author":"M Kawase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312318.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000066","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG improves outcome in experimental pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia: potential role of regulatory T cells","volume":"40","author":"L Khailova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0101","article-title":"Multifactorial inhibition of lactobacilli against the respiratory tract pathogen Moraxella catarrhalis","volume":"9","author":"MFL van den Broek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312318.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.02.006","article-title":"Non-viable immunobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 and its peptidoglycan improve systemic and respiratory innate immune response during recovery of immunocompromised-malnourished mice","volume":"25","author":"Y Kolling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030723","article-title":"Lipoteichoic Acid from Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG Modulates Dendritic Cells and T Cells in the Gut","volume":"14","author":"AD Friedrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref048","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Viable and Heat-Inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Administration on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diet-Induced NAFLD in Rats","volume":"12","author":"L Arellano-Garc\u00eda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312318.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2014.0164","article-title":"Effect of live and inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on experimentally induced rhinovirus colds: randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial","volume":"6","author":"M Kumpu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312318.ref050","article-title":"Critical role of macrophages and their activation via MyD88-NF\u03baB signaling in lung innate immunity to Mycoplasma pneumoniae","volume":"5","author":"JF Lai","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01588-21","article-title":"Neutrophil-Mediated Lung Injury Both via TLR2-Dependent Production of IL-1\u03b1 and IL-12 p40, and TLR2-Independent CARDS Toxin after Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection in Mice","volume":"9","author":"S Tamiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312318.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23095","article-title":"Increased T cell activation in BALF from children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"50","author":"L Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312318.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156465","article-title":"The Clinical Characteristics and Predictors of Refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia in Children","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312318.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2004-0197OC","article-title":"Mycoplasma pneumoniae induces host-dependent pulmonary inflammation and airway obstruction in mice","volume":"32","author":"M Fonseca-Aten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312318.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2019.113","article-title":"Distribution and Expression of IL-17 and Related Cytokines in Children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia","volume":"72","author":"H Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312318.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.22005","article-title":"Increased Frequency of Th17 Cells in Children With Mycoplasma pneumoniae Pneumonia","volume":"30","author":"X Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312318.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1197","article-title":"Transforming growth factor-beta controls T helper type 1 cell development through regulation of natural killer cell interferon-gamma","volume":"6","author":"Y Laouar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0312318.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2015.09.002","article-title":"Peripheral blood NK cells expressing HLA-G, IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2 in healthy donors and breast cancer patients","volume":"298","author":"YO Ostapchuk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0312318.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2014.08.001","article-title":"Effects of immunomodulatory supplementation with Lactobacillus rhamnosus on airway inflammation in a mouse asthma model","volume":"49","author":"CT Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312318.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)60596-0","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on rBet v1 and rMal d1 specific IgA in the saliva of patients with birch pollen allergy","volume":"100","author":"L Piirainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312318.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu065","article-title":"Immune response and intestinal permeability in children with acute gastroenteritis treated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"58","author":"KN Sindhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312318","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T17:29:59Z","timestamp":1729877399000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312318"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Palash","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312318","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}}}