{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:36Z","timestamp":1787022156426,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K15654"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K15654"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007449","name":"Takeda Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007449","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Community-acquired pneumonia is caused primarily by bacterial infection. For years, antibiotic treatment has been the standard of care for patients with bacterial pneumonia, although the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant strains is recognized as a global health issue. The traditional herbal medicine\n                    <jats:italic>Kampo<\/jats:italic>\n                    has a long history of clinical use and is relatively safe in treating various diseases. However, the antimicrobial effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Kampo<\/jats:italic>\n                    products against pneumonia-causative bacteria remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, we investigated the bacteriological efficacy of 11\n                    <jats:italic>Kampo<\/jats:italic>\n                    products against bacteria commonly associated with pneumonia. Sho-saiko-To (9), Sho-seiryu-To (19), Chikujo-untan-To (91) and Shin\u2019i-seihai-To (104) inhibited the growth of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    serotype 3, a highly virulent strain that causes severe pneumonia. Also, the growth of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    serotype 1, another highly virulent strain, was suppressed by treatment with Sho-saiko-To (9), Chikujo-untan-To (91), and Shin\u2019i-seihai-To (104). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against these strains ranged from 6.25\u201350 mg\/mL and 12.5\u201325 mg\/mL, respectively. Furthermore, Sho-saiko-To (9), Chikujo-untan-To (91), and Shin\u2019i-seihai-To (104) suppressed the growth of antibiotic-resistant\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Additionally, Sho-saiko-To (9) and Shin\u2019i-seihai-To (104) showed growth inhibition activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , another causative agent for pneumonia, with MIC ranging from 6.25\u201312.5 mg\/mL. These results suggest that some\n                    <jats:italic>Kampo<\/jats:italic>\n                    products have antimicrobial effects against\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and that Sho-saiko-To (9) and Shin\u2019i-seihai-To (104) are promising medicines for treating pneumonia caused by\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T13:25:08Z","timestamp":1730121908000},"page":"e0312500","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Antibacterial effects of Kampo products against pneumonia causative bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3779-0864","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yukiko","family":"Akahori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenichi","family":"Shizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuaki","family":"Nagasawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312500.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200203073461002","article-title":"Attacking the pneumococcus\u2014a hundred years\u2019 war","volume":"346","author":"MN Swartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312500.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00259-0","article-title":"Pneumonia","volume":"7","author":"A Torres","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312500.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2017","article-title":"Integrative Physiology of Pneumonia","volume":"98","author":"LJ Quinton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312500.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2303286","article-title":"Community-Acquired Pneumonia","volume":"389","author":"TM File","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312500.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.65.2.187-207.2001","article-title":"Pneumococcal virulence factors: structure and function","volume":"65","author":"MJ Jedrzejas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312500.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1214869","article-title":"Clinical practice. 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