{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:11:56Z","timestamp":1769512316353,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCYT","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we explore different methods to detect patterns in the activity of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems focusing on two aspects of transit: infrastructure and the movement of vehicles. To this end, we analyze records of velocity and position of each active vehicle in nine BRT systems located in the Americas. We detect collective patterns that characterize each BRT system obtained from the statistical analysis of velocities in the entire system (global scale) and at specific zones (local scale). We analyze the velocity records at the local scale applying the Kullback-Leibler divergence to compare the vehicular activity between zones. This information is organized in a similarity matrix that can be represented as a network of zones. The resulting structure for each system is analyzed using network science methods. In particular, by implementing community detection algorithms on networks, we obtain different groups of zones characterized by similarities in the movement of vehicles. Our findings show that the representation of the dataset with information of vehicles as a network is a useful tool to characterize at different scales the activity of BRT systems when geolocalized records of vehicular movement are available. This general approach can be implemented in the analysis of other public transportation systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T17:24:35Z","timestamp":1730222675000},"page":"e0312541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pattern detection in the vehicular activity of bus rapid transit systems"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1007-0747","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jaspe U.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"P. Riascos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 L.","family":"Mateos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0312541.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9399.001.0001","volume-title":"The new science of cities","author":"M Batty","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316271377","volume-title":"The structure and dynamics of cities","author":"M Barthelemy","year":"2016"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312541.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-019-0054-2","article-title":"The statistical physics of cities","volume":"1","author":"M Barthelemy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Phys"},{"issue":"7834","key":"pone.0312541.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2900-x","article-title":"The growth equation of cities","volume":"587","author":"V Verbavatz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref005","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Urban Informatics. Springer The Urban Book Series","author":"P Melikov","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/13909.001.0001","volume-title":"Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems","author":"LMA Bettencourt","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312541.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0262964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262964","article-title":"Cities as complex systems\u2014Collection overview","volume":"17","author":"D Rybski","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"7196","key":"pone.0312541.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06958","article-title":"Understanding individual human mobility patterns","volume":"453","author":"MC Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312541.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-018-0364-x","article-title":"Evidence for a conserved quantity in human mobility","volume":"2","author":"L Alessandretti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"7834","key":"pone.0312541.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2909-1","article-title":"The scales of human mobility","volume":"587","author":"L Alessandretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04037-6","article-title":"Activity of vehicles in the bus rapid transit system Metrob\u00fas in Mexico City","volume":"12","author":"JU Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312541.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/s43588-023-00469-4","article-title":"Future directions in human mobility science","volume":"3","author":"L Pappalardo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Comput Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4890","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32074-w","article-title":"Temporal visitation patterns of points of interest in cities on a planetary scale: a network science and machine learning approach","volume":"13","author":"F Betancourt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0244326","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244326","article-title":"Modeling adaptive reversible lanes: A cellular automata approach","volume":"16","author":"D P\u00e9rez-M\u00e9ndez","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-48068-9","article-title":"Symmetry breaking in optimal transport networks","volume":"15","author":"S Patwardhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10234-8","article-title":"Modelling epidemic spread in cities using public transportation as a proxy for generalized mobility trends","volume":"12","author":"O Malik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87407-4","article-title":"Uncovering the socioeconomic facets of human mobility","volume":"11","author":"H Barbosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7992","key":"pone.0312541.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06757-3","article-title":"Human mobility networks reveal increased segregation in large cities","volume":"624","author":"H Nilforoshan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24899-8","article-title":"Mobility patterns are associated with experienced income segregation in large US cities","volume":"12","author":"E Moro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-58932-9","article-title":"Urban segregation on multilayered transport networks: a random walk approach","volume":"14","author":"M Neira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198805090.001.0001","volume-title":"Networks","author":"M Newman","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref022","volume-title":"Network science","author":"AL Barab\u00e1si","year":"2016"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312541.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e40575","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040575","article-title":"Network Centrality of Metro Systems","volume":"7","author":"S Derrible","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-019-0189-1","article-title":"Urban spatial order: street network orientation, configuration, and entropy","volume":"4","author":"G Boeing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Netw Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312541.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102007","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0102007","article-title":"Scaling in Transportation Networks","volume":"9","author":"R Louf","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312541.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0213106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213106","article-title":"Human mobility in bike-sharing systems: Structure of local and non-local dynamics","volume":"14","author":"D Loaiza-Monsalve","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4022","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60875-w","article-title":"Networks and long-range mobility in cities: A study of more than one billion taxi trips in New York City","volume":"10","author":"AP Riascos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013267","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevResearch.3.013267","article-title":"Multiple abrupt phase transitions in urban transport congestion","volume":"3","author":"A Lampo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Rev Res"},{"issue":"50","key":"pone.0312541.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12654","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800474115","article-title":"Macroscopic dynamics and the collapse of urban traffic","volume":"115","author":"LE Olmos","year":"2018","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312541.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419185112","article-title":"Percolation transition in dynamical traffic network with evolving critical bottlenecks","volume":"112","author":"D Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/12265934.2013.777514","article-title":"Bus rapid transit\u2014a review","volume":"17","author":"SC Wirasinghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Urban Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312541.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04019004","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000506","article-title":"Determinants of Bus Rapid Transit Ridership: System-Level Analysis","volume":"145","author":"J Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Urban Plan Dev"},{"issue":"88","key":"pone.0312541.ref033","article-title":"On BRT Spread around the World: Analysis of Some Particular Cities","volume":"5","author":"S Trubia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infrastructures"},{"issue":"1377","key":"pone.0312541.ref034","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of Bus Rapid Transit System: A Comparative Analysis of Alternative Approaches for Energy Efficient Eco-Friendly Public Transport System","volume":"13","author":"SAR Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2019.06.012","article-title":"The efficiency of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems: A dynamic congestion approach","volume":"127","author":"LJ Basso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp Res B Methodol"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref036","unstructured":"TransitFeed, https:\/\/www.transit.land\/;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref037","unstructured":"TransitLand, https:\/\/transitfeeds.co;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref038","unstructured":"BRT R\u00edo (Rio de Janeiro), https:\/\/www.data.rio\/documents\/transporte-rodovi%C3%A1rio-hist%C3%B3rico-de-gps-do-brt\/about;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref039","unstructured":"Dixie Rapid (Louisville), http:\/\/gtfsrealtime.ridetarc.org\/realtime\/Vehicle\/VehiclePositions.pb;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref040","unstructured":"Metro Rapid (Austin), https:\/\/data.texas.gov\/download\/eiei-9rpf\/application%2Foctet-stream;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref041","unstructured":"BRT Lite (Nashville), http:\/\/transitdata.nashvillemta.org\/TMGTFSRealTimeWebService\/vehicle\/vehiclepositions.pb;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref042","unstructured":"VIA Pr\u00edmo (San Antonio), http:\/\/gtfs.viainfo.net\/vehicle\/vehiclepositions.pb;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref043","unstructured":"Maui Bus (Maui), https:\/\/mauibus.org\/gtfs-rt\/vehiclepositions;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref044","unstructured":"Z\u00fcm (Brampton), https:\/\/nextride.brampton.ca:81\/API\/VehiclePositions?format=gtfs.proto;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref045","unstructured":"CT Fastrak (Hartford), https:\/\/s3.amazonaws.com\/cttransit-realtime-prod\/vehiclepositions.pb;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref046","unstructured":"Metrob\u00fas (Mexico City), http:\/\/app.citi-mb.mx\/GTFS-RT\/vehiculosPosicion;."},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511791383","volume-title":"Dynamical Processes on Complex Networks","author":"A Barrat","year":"2008"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0312541.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7794","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407994102","article-title":"The worldwide air transportation network: Anomalous centrality, community structure, and cities\u2019 global roles","volume":"102","author":"R Guimer\u00e0","year":"2005","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"issue":"04","key":"pone.0312541.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2450037","DOI":"10.1142\/S0129183124500372","article-title":"Evolution of transport under cumulative damage in metro systems","volume":"35","author":"LK Eraso-Hernandez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mod Phys C"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694","article-title":"On Information and Sufficiency","volume":"22","author":"S Kullback","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann Math Stat"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0312541.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195007","DOI":"10.1088\/1751-8113\/42\/19\/195007","article-title":"Percolation transition and distribution of connected components in generalized random network ensembles","volume":"42","author":"S Bradde","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Phys A: Math Theor"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s42005-023-01144-w","article-title":"Understanding congestion propagation by combining percolation theory with the macroscopic fundamental diagram","volume":"6","author":"L Amb\u00fchl","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun Phys"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312541.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/s42254-018-0002-6","article-title":"The statistical physics of real-world networks","volume":"1","author":"G Cimini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Phys"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312541.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/s41567-022-01716-7","article-title":"20 years of network community detection","volume":"18","author":"S Fortunato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Phys"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066111","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.066111","article-title":"Finding community structure in very large networks","volume":"70","author":"A Clauset","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys Rev E"},{"key":"pone.0312541.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagberg AA, Schult DA, Swart PJ. Exploring Network Structure, Dynamics, and Function using NetworkX. In: Varoquaux G, Vaught T, Millman J, editors. Proceedings of the 7th Python in Science Conference. Pasadena, CA USA; 2008. p. 11\u201315.","DOI":"10.25080\/TCWV9851"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312541","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T17:24:51Z","timestamp":1730222691000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312541"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Palaniyappan","family":"Sathyaprakash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312541","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]}}}