{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T20:35:46Z","timestamp":1782333346321,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010654","name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["USFQ Collaboration Grant 17576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USFQ Collaboration Grant 17576"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010654","name":"Universidad San Francisco de Quito","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["USFQ COCIBA Grant 17253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["USFQ COCIBA Grant 17253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010654","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015691","name":"Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI172924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI172924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonoses in the world which is associated with a severe febrile disease in humans causing a variety of syndromes including meningitis, interstitial nephritis, hepatitis, and sometimes death. Leptospirosis is caused by different pathogenic <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> species divided into almost 30 serogroups and more than 300 serovars which are carried by some animal asymptomatic chronic infections. Humans can become infected through direct contact with animal urine or indirectly by coming into contact with fresh water or mud contaminated with urine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methodology\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this research, we looked for leptospiral DNA in urine samples from dogs living in a rural, low-income and highly endemic community in the coast of Ecuador. We used molecular biology and next-generation sequencing for the detection. Our results showed evidence of two <jats:italic>Leptospira<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>L interrogans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>santarosai<\/jats:italic>, genomes in three dogs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>It has been widely known that animal carriers are typically infected with a single leptospiral strain. However, recent reports, including the present one, indicate that carrier animals may be coinfected with two or more leptospiral species.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T17:25:59Z","timestamp":1730222759000},"page":"e0312556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Mixed Leptospira infections in domestic animals from a rural community with high leptospirosis endemicity"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Pamela","family":"Mosquera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7600-6543","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lorena","family":"Mejia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Ortiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5092-9122","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giuliana","family":"Pazmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talima","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2205-3010","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Barrag\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Trueba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312556.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003898","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003898","article-title":"Global Morbidity and Mortality of Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"F Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312556.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens3020280","article-title":"Leptospiral Pathogenomics","volume":"3","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312556.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.171585","article-title":"Pathogenic Leptospira Species in Insectivorous Bats, China, 2015","volume":"24","author":"HJ Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0312556.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2406.180035","article-title":"Mixed Leptospira Infections in a Diverse Reservoir Host Community, Madagascar, 2013\u20132015","volume":"24","author":"M Moseley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312556.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01204","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01204-23","article-title":"Concurrent colonization of rodent kidneys with multiple species and serogroups of pathogenic Leptospira","volume":"89","author":"C Hamond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312556.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1097(99)00333-X","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the LPS biosynthetic loci of the genetic subtypes of serovar Hardjo: Leptospira interrogans subtype Hardjoprajitno and Leptospira borgpetersenii subtype Hardjobovis","volume":"177","author":"A de la Pe\u00f1a-Moctezuma","year":"1999","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiology Letters"},{"key":"pone.0312556.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105313","article-title":"The impact of genetic recombination on pathogenic Leptospira","volume":"102","author":"L Mej\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infection, Genetics and Evolution"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312556.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004990","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004990","article-title":"High Leptospira Diversity in Animals and Humans Complicates the Search for Common Reservoirs of Human Disease in Rural Ecuador","volume":"10","author":"V Barragan","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312556.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.014","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene","volume":"64","author":"RA Stoddard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0312556.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0008662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008662","article-title":"Circulating genotypes of Leptospira in French Polynesia: An 9-year molecular epidemiology surveillance follow-up study","volume":"14","author":"L Grillov\u00e1","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312556.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-5-28","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing method for identification and genotypic classification of pathogenic Leptospira species","volume":"5","author":"N Ahmed","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312556.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8603","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8603","article-title":"Amplicon_sorter: A tool for reference\u2010free amplicon sorting based on sequence similarity and for building consensus sequences","volume":"12","author":"AR Vierstraete","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312556.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 11","volume":"38","author":"K Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"},{"key":"pone.0312556.ref014","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"K Tamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Molecular Biology and Evolution"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312556","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]],"date-time":"2024-10-29T17:26:05Z","timestamp":1730222765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312556"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Odir Antonio","family":"Dellagostin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312556","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,29]]}}}