{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T09:34:59Z","timestamp":1783416899575,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ensuring effective access to vaccinations for people experiencing homelessness is crucial to protecting the health of a vulnerable, yet often overlooked population. Reaching this goal takes more than a one size fits all approach. This study evaluates how a dedicated health team collaborated with multiple agencies to register and deliver the COVID-19 vaccine to people experiencing homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is a mixed methods study co-designed with the Adult Homeless Integrated Team, a multi-disciplinary team who work with local agencies to provide care to people experiencing homelessness in Cork, Ireland\u2019s second largest city. Quantitative data collected at the point of vaccine registration described socio-demographics of the population. To explain the quantitative findings, eleven agencies involved in provision of homeless services were invited to participate in interviews. A manager in each of the agencies acted as a gatekeeper to clients. Interviews explored experiences with the pandemic and the delivery (staff) or receipt (clients) of the COVID-19 vaccine. Interviews were recorded and transcribed, transcriptions were thematically analysed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There were 728 vaccine doses administered to people experiencing homelessness during the first roll-out of vaccines; 401 first doses and 325 second doses. Of those who received a vaccine, the majority were male (76%), and more than half were Irish (55%). Ten semi-structured interviews, seven staff members and three clients, were conducted. There were three themes that provided further insights into the quantitative findings: <jats:italic>Adapting to unprecedented times<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Misinformation causing vaccine hesitancy<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>The importance of building relationships<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study provides valuable insights into how a multidisciplinary approach resulted in a successful well received vaccination programme among a traditionally hard to reach group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T19:26:37Z","timestamp":1736364397000},"page":"e0312617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Understanding uptake of the COVID-19 vaccination among the homeless: A mixed methods evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3202-9790","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Grace","family":"Phillips","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmy","family":"Racine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Marie","family":"Naughton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julieann","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Kearney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0312617.ref001","article-title":"Homelessness\u201d Published online at OurWorldinData.org.","author":"Bastian Herre","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0312617.ref002","author":"Department of Housing, Planning & Local Government","year":"2020","journal-title":"Homelessness Report"},{"key":"pone.0312617.ref003","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community, Work, and School"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312617.ref004","first-page":"3132","article-title":"Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine among persons experiencing homelessness in the City of Rome, Italy.","volume":"25","author":"C Iacoella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312617.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e186","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30053-0","article-title":"COVID-19: a potential public health problem for homeless populations","volume":"5","author":"J Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312617.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.11.026","article-title":"Trends in COVID-19 vaccination intent and factors associated with deliberation and reluctance among adult homeless shelter residents and staff, 1 November 2020 to 28 February 2021 \u2013King County, Washington.","volume":"40","author":"JH Rogers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0312617.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.08.015","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccination amongst persons experiencing homelessness: practices and learnings from UK, Canada and the US.","volume":"199","author":"V Paudyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312617.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/phn.12088","article-title":"An Academic-Community Partnership to Address the Flu Vaccination Rates of the Homeless.","volume":"31","author":"SE Metcalfe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nurs."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312617.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30446-X","article-title":"Hard to reach: COVID-19 responses and the complexities of homelessness","volume":"8","author":"M Flook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"pone.0312617.ref010","author":"J. Pagaduan","year":"2022","journal-title":"National Alliance to End Homelessness."},{"key":"pone.0312617.ref011","unstructured":"Health Service Executive. About Social Inclusion. Available from: https:\/\/www.hse.ie\/eng\/about\/who\/primarycare\/socialinclusion\/about-social-inclusion\/about-social-inclusion.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312617.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","article-title":"Using thematic analysis in psychology.","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol."},{"key":"pone.0312617.ref013","author":"Department of Housing, Planning & Local Government","year":"2021","journal-title":"Homeless Report May"},{"key":"pone.0312617.ref014","article-title":"Covid: \u201cLet charities vaccinate the homeless","author":"R. Evans","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312617.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16413-0","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among youth experiencing homelessness: a qualitative analysis with opportunities for action","volume":"23","author":"B Balma","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312617.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010665","article-title":"The Role of Trust in COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance: Considerations from a Systematic Review.","volume":"20","author":"A Sapienza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0312617.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.012","article-title":"COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among persons living in homeless shelters in France","volume":"39","author":"C Longchamps","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312617","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T19:26:44Z","timestamp":1736364404000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312617"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312617","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]]}}}