{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T20:45:25Z","timestamp":1771879525452,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Patients with urinary tract infection (UTI) in German outpatient care are usually treated by general practitioners (GPs), as well as by other specialties. To prevent antibiotic resistances and side effects, German guidelines recommend fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, pivmecillinam and nitroxoline as first-line treatments, and advice against broad-spectrum antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins. However, data from the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control indicates a significant proportion of second-line antibiotics in German outpatient care. Our aim was to analyze whether antibiotic prescription has changed over time in accordance with guidelines. In addition, we aimed to investigate whether specialties prescribe different antibiotics for UTIs and whether prescription varies according to patient age and sex. For patients receiving more than one antibiotic, we wanted to determine whether subsequent prescriptions show a change in substances and specialties involved.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This retrospective study involved routine data (2013 to 2019) provided by the Bavarian Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians. Data on diagnoses and prescriptions were transmitted from outpatient care physicians on a quarterly basis. UTI patients \u226512 years were included.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We analyzed 1.7 million UTI prescription cases. In females, shares of fluoroquinolones decreased sharply over time, while shares of first-line substances fosfomycin and pivmecillinam increased. Gynecologists showed the highest shares of first-line substances compared to GPs and urologists. Fluoroquinolone shares decreased in all three specialty groups. In females, older patients showed lower shares of first-line substances than younger patients. If a second or third antibiotic was prescribed, fosfomycin shares decreased, while shares of nitrofurantoin, nitroxoline and cephalosporins increased.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our findings show a trend towards a more guideline-adherent prescribing in the treatment of UTI, with a significant increase of shares of fosfomycin and pivmecillinam, especially in women, and a sharp decrease of shares of fluoroquinolones.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T17:24:33Z","timestamp":1729877073000},"page":"e0312620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prescription of antibiotics for urinary tract infections in outpatient care in Bavaria: An analysis of routine data"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4042-5786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas","family":"Hanslmeier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sahera","family":"Alsaiad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susann","family":"Hueber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter K.","family":"Kurotschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"G\u00e1gyor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4830-3647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Kau\u00dfner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312620.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S1047-2797(00)00072-7","article-title":"Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"10","author":"B Foxman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annals of epidemiology"},{"issue":"639","key":"pone.0312620.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp15X686965","article-title":"Incidence, severity, help seeking, and management of uncomplicated urinary tract infection: a population-based survey","volume":"65","author":"CC Butler","year":"2015","journal-title":"British Journal of General Practice"},{"key":"pone.0312620.ref003","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Building Primary Care in a Changing Europe: Case Studies","author":"D Simic","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312620.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2019.06.015","article-title":"Comparison of antibiotic treatment guidelines for urinary tract infections in 15 European countries: Results of an online survey","volume":"54","author":"K Malmros","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"pone.0312620.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h6544","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h6544","article-title":"Ibuprofen versus fosfomycin for uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women: randomised controlled trial","volume":"351","author":"I G\u00e1gyor","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312620.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.05.032","article-title":"Herbal treatment with uva ursi extract versus fosfomycin in women with uncomplicated urinary tract infection in primary care: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"27","author":"I G\u00e1gyor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312620.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540410019642","article-title":"The natural course of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women illustrated by a randomized placebo controlled study","volume":"36","author":"SA Ferry","year":"2004","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0312620.ref008","first-page":"729","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of nitro-furantoin versus placebo in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adult women","volume":"52","author":"TCM Christiaens","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of General Practic"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0312620.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.06.017","article-title":"Reducing antibiotic use in uncomplicated urinary tract infections in adult women: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Y Kau\u00dfner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0312620.ref010","unstructured":"Leitlinienprogramm DGU. 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An Analysis of Nationwide Prescription Data From 2010 to 2018","volume":"117","author":"J Holstiege","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312620","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T17:24:39Z","timestamp":1729877079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312620"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Demirci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312620","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}}}