{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T21:40:50Z","timestamp":1785188450733,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YQ2020G001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YQ2020G001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Scientific Research Foundation for Heilongjiang Postdoctoral","award":["LBH-Q21054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Q21054"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rapid economic development and accelerating urbanization have led to a significant mismatch between the urban bus network allocation and the population flow. Therefore, this paper investigates this challenge by exploring the intricate relationship between the population flow dynamics, traffic congestion conditions, and the efficient allocation of bus resources. In response, two key indexes were introduced based on spatial matching patterns to assess the urban bus network: the Population-Bus Match Index evaluates the matching degree between supply and demand, and the Population-Congestion Match Index evaluates the matching degree between utilization and saturation. Additionally, two distinct optimization strategies have been proposed to enhance the urban bus network. The first optimization strategy considers the bus network\u2019s current status, while the second aspires to an idealized scenario. Subsequently, the potential contributions of each bus station in reducing CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emission reduction after implementing the two optimization strategies are quantified. Utilizing a case study focused on Harbin, the proposed methods are validated. The findings unveil a substantial misalignment between supply and demand within the bus network during peak periods, with nearly half of the bus stations experiencing a disparity between utilization and saturation. Comparative experiments across different optimization strategies reveal that the second optimization strategy significantly outperforms the first, but the first optimization strategy has a higher degree of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emission reduction contribution. The results of this study provide decision-makers with an environmentally oriented vantage point for the discerning selection of optimization strategies and leave valuable insights for urban areas confronting transportation challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T17:38:10Z","timestamp":1730137090000},"page":"e0312803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Optimizing urban bus network based on spatial matching patterns for sustainable transportation: A case study in Harbin, China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Boya","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7020-9702","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312803.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19158-1","article-title":"Dramatic uneven urbanization of large cities throughout the world in recent decades.","volume":"11","author":"L Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0312803.ref002","volume-title":"World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision online edn","author":"United Nations","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0312803.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2019.122774","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of real-time customized bus routes based on two-stage method","volume":"537","author":"C Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"key":"pone.0312803.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2021.10.007","article-title":"Approximate multi-objective optimization for integrated bus route design and service frequency setting.","volume":"155","author":"Z Ahern","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312803.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cstp.2020.04.002","article-title":"Optimizing Melbourne\u2019s Bus Routes for Real-Life Travel Patterns","volume":"8","author":"S. 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