{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T05:13:34Z","timestamp":1780463614707,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Current treatments for severe acne include combinations of synthetic anti-inflammatory and antibacterial drugs, which possess numerous side effects. Therefore, this study developed microemulsion-based hydrogel containing lemongrass leaf essential oil (<jats:italic>Cymbopogon citratus<\/jats:italic> (DC.) Stapf) and mango seed kernel extract (<jats:italic>Mangifera indica<\/jats:italic> Linn) as a potential natural therapy for inflammatory acne. To this end, the microemulsions were first prepared using pseudo-ternary phase diagrams with soybean oil and coconut oil, cremophor RH40, and PEG 400. The optimal formula could load 1% lemongrass oil and 10% mango extract, possessed a spherical droplet size of ~18.98 nm, a zeta potential of -5.56 mV, and a thermodynamic stability. Secondly, the microemulsion-based hydrogel was developed by simple mixing the optimal microemulsion in carbopol-940 hydrogel (3.5% w\/w). The product showed a viscosity of ~3728 cPs, a pH of 5.4-6.2, a spreadability of ~24 cm, an in-vitro Franz-cell cumulative release rate of ~80% for polyphenol content and ~60% for citral within 12 h, and a good physicochemical stability of &gt; 3 months. Thirdly, the skin compatibility\/irritability of the microemulsion-based hydrogel was determined by the HET-CAM assay, which showed non-irritation level. Finally, the anti-inflammatory activities of the hydrogel, using heat-induced BSA denaturation assay and LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 NO inhibition assay, was 4-times higher than that of the reference drug Klenzit-C<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> (adapalene and clindamycin gel). Moreover, the hydrogel possessed strong anti-biofilm activity in <jats:italic>Cutibacterium acnes<\/jats:italic>, comparable with Klenzit-C<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>. Conclusively, the microemulsion-based hydrogel containing lemongrass oil and mango seed extract demonstrated much potentials to be a promising natural drug for acne treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]],"date-time":"2024-10-31T17:28:44Z","timestamp":1730395724000},"page":"e0312841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Microemulsion-based topical hydrogels containing lemongrass leaf essential oil (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) and mango seed kernel extract (Mangifera indica Linn) for acne treatment: Preparation and in-vitro evaluations"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ngoc Nha Thao","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Trang Dai","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duc Linh","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4360-5313","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dang Tuyet Minh","family":"Than","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gia Phuoc","family":"Tien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8693-3367","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Duy Toan","family":"Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0312841.ref001","first-page":"3","article-title":"A global perspective on the epidemiology of acne","volume":"172","author":"JKL Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"The British journal of dermatology"},{"key":"pone.0312841.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103277","article-title":"A microemulsion-based gel of isotretinoin and erythromycin estolate for the management of acne","volume":"71","author":"A Alam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology"},{"key":"pone.0312841.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2013.08.019","article-title":"Nano-lipoidal carriers of tretinoin with enhanced percutaneous absorption, photostability, biocompatibility and anti-psoriatic activity","volume":"456","author":"K Raza","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"pone.0312841.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.3109\/10837450.2015.1081610","article-title":"Novel microemulsion-based gel formulation of tazarotene for therapy of acne","volume":"21","author":"MR Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical development and technology"},{"key":"pone.0312841.ref005","article-title":"Treatment Modalities for Acne.","volume":"21","author":"L Fox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"pone.0312841.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E430","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090374","article-title":"Management of acne.","volume":"183","author":"J Kraft","year":"2011","journal-title":"CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal."},{"key":"pone.0312841.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.29090\/psa.2022.04.22.061","article-title":"Antibacterial hydrogel containing Piper Betel L. extract for acne treatment, an ex vivo investigation","volume":"49","author":"DTM Huynh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Asia"},{"key":"pone.0312841.ref008","first-page":"184","article-title":"Isotretinoin","author":"HD Pile","year":"2023","journal-title":"Handbook of Systemic Drug Treatment in Dermatology: Second Edition"},{"key":"pone.0312841.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8030174","article-title":"Novel Hydrogels for Topical Applications: An Updated Comprehensive Review Based on Source","volume":"8","author":"Y. 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