{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T00:11:53Z","timestamp":1754093513727,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TESA under EDCTP","award":["PSIA2020AGDG-3319"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PSIA2020AGDG-3319"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become the most significant contributor to non-HIV\/AIDS-related deaths in people living with HIV (PLWH). The increased risk for CVDs in PLWH is attributed to a combination of traditional risk factors, the effects of chronic inflammation, and antiretroviral therapy-related metabolic changes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The main objective of this scoping review is to systematically map and summarize evidence on the strategies, components, and theories used in health education and physical activity interventions to prevent cardiovascular diseases in PLWH.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Inclusion criteria<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Peer-reviewed publications including relevant grey literature published in English will be included. The literature will focus on health education and physical activity interventions for people living with HIV, at risk of CVDs, aged between 18 years to 65 years. The literature publication will range between 2000 and June, 30th 2025, and intervention studies will include diverse research designs and literature sources from a broad array of settings including healthcare and community settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Electronic databases to be searched will include PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, and Embase, as well as grey literature such as Google Scholar, WHO Digital Publications (IRIS), and Proquest Thesis and Dissertation Global. A three-step process of screening consisting of titles\/abstracts screening, full article screening, and manual search for references from identified articles will be conducted by two independent reviewers. In case of any discrepancies or disagreements, a third reviewer will be called upon to address the controversy. A data extraction form will be adapted from the Joanne Briggs Institute (JBI) standardized data extraction tool and key findings will be presented in tabular or diagram format followed by a narrative summary. Reporting of the scoping review will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Review protocol registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The scoping review protocol is registered with Open Science Framework (<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/osf.io\/4wfkh\/\" xlink:type=\"simple\">https:\/\/osf.io\/4wfkh\/<\/jats:ext-link>).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T17:23:14Z","timestamp":1754068994000},"page":"e0312969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping strategies, components, and theories used in health education and physical activity interventions to prevent cardiovascular diseases in adults living with HIV: A scoping review protocol"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9208-9369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Micah Mutuna","family":"Simpamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian Chanda","family":"Chiluba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Colgrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercy","family":"Wamunyima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Munalula-Nkandu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0312969.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. HIV and AIDS. [Accessed 2023 December 19]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hiv-aids"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312969.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4940-1","article-title":"The association between HIV and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"EP Hyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.03.137","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease burden among human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals","volume":"265","author":"OM Demir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312969.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-017-0651-4","article-title":"Coronary artery disease in HIV-infected patients: downside of living longer","volume":"19","author":"JCA Lacson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312969.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-015-0284-6","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease in an aging HIV population: where are we now?","volume":"12","author":"R Martin-Iguacel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-904","article-title":"Magnitude and risk factors of non-communicable diseases among people living with HIV in Tanzania: a cross sectional study from Mbeya and Dar es Salaam regions","volume":"14","author":"GB Kagaruki","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312969.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221022","article-title":"Prevalence of non-communicable diseases among HIV positive patients on antiretroviral therapy at joint clinical research centre, Lubowa, Uganda","volume":"14","author":"S Kansiime","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001888","article-title":"Noncommunicable diseases among HIV-infected persons in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"P Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312969.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000695","article-title":"Characteristics, prevention, and management of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"140","author":"MJ Feinstein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312969.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.057443","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease among persons living with HIV: new insights into pathogenesis and clinical manifestations in a global context","volume":"147","author":"M Ntsekhe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref011","unstructured":"Organization W H. Health education: theoretical concepts, effective strategies and core competencies: a foundation document to guide capacity development of health educators. 2012. https:\/\/pesquisa.bvsalud.org\/portal\/resource\/pt\/who-119953"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312969.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/13814788.2017.1284791","article-title":"Impact of educational interventions on primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review with a focus on physical activity","volume":"23","author":"A Ram\u00f4a Castro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312969.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000299","article-title":"Effects of an education and home-based pedometer walking program on ischemic heart disease risk factors in people infected with HIV: a randomized trial","volume":"67","author":"R Roos","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312969.ref014","article-title":"Impact of lifestyle modifications on cardiovascular health: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"GK Ghodeshwar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1478-2","article-title":"Effectiveness of aerobic exercise for adults living with HIV: systematic review and meta-analysis using the Cochrane Collaboration protocol","volume":"16","author":"KK O\u2019Brien","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312969.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000277","article-title":"Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews","volume":"19","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBI Evid Implement"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312969.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14743","article-title":"Undertaking a scoping review: a practical guide for nursing and midwifery students, clinicians, researchers, and academics","volume":"77","author":"D Pollock","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0312969.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-20-00167","article-title":"Updated methodological guidance for the conduct of scoping reviews","volume":"18","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2020","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312969.ref019","article-title":"2019 ACC\/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on clinical practice guidelines","volume":"140","author":"DK Arnett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312969.ref020","first-page":"19","article-title":"Cardiovascular risks associated with gender and aging","volume":"6","author":"JL Rodgers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Dev Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312969.ref021","first-page":"102","article-title":"Aging and HIV infection: focus on cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"27","author":"JA Aberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0312969.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2017.06.004","article-title":"Global prevalence of hypertension among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Y Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0312969.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.033369","article-title":"Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"138","author":"ASV Shah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312969.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","author":"H Arksey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0312969.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"AC Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Internal Med"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref026","unstructured":"Peters MD, Godfrey C, McInerney P, Munn Z, Tricco AC, Khalil H. Scoping reviews. 2020. https:\/\/edisciplinas.usp.br\/pluginfile.php\/7315963\/mod_resource\/content\/1\/manual_capitulo_revisao_escopo_JBIMES_2021April.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: elaboration and explanation","volume":"349","author":"L Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312969.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-4-1","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement","volume":"4","author":"D Moher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Systematic Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312969.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-21-00242","article-title":"Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols","volume":"20","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0312969.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-020-00287-7","article-title":"An open source machine learning framework for efficient and transparent systematic reviews","volume":"3","author":"R Van De Schoot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Machine Intelligence"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312969.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmal.2024.100101","article-title":"Utilizing ASReview in screening primary studies for meta-research in SLA: a step-by-step tutorial","volume":"3","author":"Y Quan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res Methods Appl Linguistics"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quan Y, Hui B. Study screening for meta-research: an overview of AI tools. OSF Preprints. 2023 [Accessed 2024 September 20]. https:\/\/osf.io\/bd6fj\/download","DOI":"10.31219\/osf.io\/bd6fj"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312969.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-024-02502-7","article-title":"The SAFE procedure: a practical stopping heuristic for active learning-based screening in systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"13","author":"J Boetje","year":"2024","journal-title":"Syst Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0312969.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10648-024-09862-5","article-title":"Screening smarter, not harder: A comparative analysis of machine learning screening algorithms and heuristic stopping criteria for systematic reviews in educational research","volume":"36","author":"DG Campos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig L, Zitzmann S, F\u00fctterer T, Campos D, Scherer R, Hecht M. An evaluation of the performance of stopping rules in ai-aided screening for psychological meta-analytical research. 2023 [Accessed 2024 September 30]. https:\/\/osf.io\/ybu3w","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/ybu3w"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685591","DOI":"10.3389\/frma.2021.685591","article-title":"SYMBALS: a systematic review methodology blending active learning and snowballing","volume":"6","author":"M van Haastrecht","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Res Metr Anal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0312969.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.11124\/JBIES-21-00242","article-title":"Best practice guidance and reporting items for the development of scoping review protocols","volume":"20","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2022","journal-title":"JBI Evid Synth"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0312969.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000050","article-title":"Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews","volume":"13","author":"MDJ Peters","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Evid Based Healthc"},{"key":"pone.0312969.ref039","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Scoping reviews","author":"MD Peters","year":"2017"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312969","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T17:23:23Z","timestamp":1754069003000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312969"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muhammad Shahzad","family":"Aslam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0312969","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}