{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T16:26:25Z","timestamp":1764433585479,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Comprehensive Center for Pediatrics of Medical University of Vienna, Austria","award":["CCPSTARTERGRANT2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CCPSTARTERGRANT2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Repeated gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA)-enhanced MRIs are crucial in the diagnosis and follow-up of oncologic and chronic disorders in pediatric patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency and severity of adverse reactions to GBCAs in children after a single vs. multiple GBCA-enhanced abdomen MRIs.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All pediatric patients with at least one GBCA-enhanced abdominal MRI between 2009 and 2020 were retrospectively evaluated based on adverse reactions reports, according to the classification system of the American College of Radiology and guidelines on contrast agents of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology. A Student\u00b4s t-test analysis, a spearman \u03c1-correlation and a Chi-square test between the reported adverse reactions and the total number of GBCA applications, and the number of each applied GBCA was calculated. A p-value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 623 patients with 964 GBCA-enhanced abdomen MRIs, there were 464 patients with only one and 159 patients with multiple GBCA administrations. Of 964 GBCA doses administrated, two cases with urticaria (mild allergy-like adverse reaction) and one case with vomiting (mild chemotoxic adverse reaction) were recorded (3\/964 = 0.31%), but all the reports were in patients with multiple GBCA administration (3\/159 = 1.89%). No adverse reactions in patients with a single GBCA administration were observed. The reported adverse reactions correlated significantly with the total number of GBCAs (p&lt;0.001) and the number of each GBCA (p&lt;0.001 or p = 0.002). The independent two-tailed t-tests, and the chi-square test were significant (p&lt;0.001, p = 0.003).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>GBCA-associated adverse reactions are rare and mostly mild, but initially well-tolerated GBCA could cause adverse reactions due to the increase likelihood of drug hypersensitivity upon repeated GBCA exposure.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T18:22:53Z","timestamp":1733250173000},"page":"e0313495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Acute adverse reactions after multiple initially well-tolerated gadolinium-based contrast-enhanced abdomen MRIs in pediatric 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