{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T06:23:50Z","timestamp":1791699830650,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We performed a meta-analysis to assess the role of vitamins in the possible pathogenesis and treatment of RLS (Restless Leg Syndrome). A systematic search of the PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted. Fifty-nine studies on the relationship between vitamins and RLS were included, as well as four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on vitamin treatment of RLS. Compared with non-RLS patients, serum vitamin D levels were significantly lower both in primary (P =\u2009 0.009) and secondary (P =\u2009 0.003) RLS patients, and appeared to be positively correlated with disease severity. Serum folate levels were lower in pregnant RLS patients than in pregnant non-RLS patients (P =\u2009 0.007), but this phenomenon was not seen in non-pregnant RLS patients (P =\u2009 0.65). Vitamin B12 (P =\u2009 0.59) and B1 (P =\u2009 0.362) deficiencies were not found in RLS patients. Oral vitamin B6 significantly improved primary RLS (P &lt; 0.0001), while vitamin D did not (P =\u2009 0.05). Oral vitamin C (P &lt; 0.00001), E (P &lt; 0.0001), and vitamin C +\u2009 E (P &lt; 0.00001) all significantly improved hemodialysis-associated RLS with equal efficacy. Vitamin C is equivalent to 0.18\u2009mg of pramipexole for the treatment of RLS (P =\u2009 0.81). In this meta-analysis, low vitamin D levels were found in patients with RLS, low folate levels were associated with RLS only in pregnant women, and vitamin C\/E\/B6 may improved symptoms in patients with RLS. These results suggest that vitamin deficiency or insufficiency may be related to the pathogenesis of RLS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T17:26:26Z","timestamp":1741627586000},"page":"e0313571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Role of vitamins in the pathogenesis and treatment of restless leg syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3743-7981","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xiao-Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiang-hai","family":"Ruan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-li","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren-liang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0313571.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2019.1654997","article-title":"Advancing synthetic therapies for the treatment of restless legs syndrome","volume":"20","author":"S de Biase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0313571.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab253","article-title":"Restless leg syndrome: pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment","volume":"23","author":"A Amir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"pone.0313571.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2019.101218","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder: A systematic review","volume":"48","author":"NS Marshall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"pone.0313571.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.08.022","article-title":"Are serum vitamin D, calcium and phosphorous associated with restless leg syndrome? 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