{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T14:06:43Z","timestamp":1780322803471,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":495,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Researchers have increasingly recognized the importance of structural and social determinants of health (SSDOH) as key drivers of a multitude of diseases and health outcomes. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is an ongoing, longitudinal cohort study of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) that has followed geographically and racially\/ethnically diverse participants starting in 2000. Since its inception, MESA has incorporated numerous SSDOH assessments and instruments to study in relation to CVD and aging outcomes. In this paper, we describe the SSDOH data available in MESA, systematically review published papers using MESA that were focused on SSDOH and provide a roadmap for future SSDOH-related studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study team reviewed all published papers using MESA data (n = 2,125) through January 23, 2023. Two individuals systematically reviewed titles, abstracts, and full text to determine the final number of papers (n = 431) that focused on at least one SSDOH variable as an exposure, outcome, or stratifying\/effect modifier variable of main interest (discrepancies resolved by a third individual). Fifty-seven percent of the papers focused on racialized\/ethnic groups or other macrosocial\/structural factors (e.g., segregation), 16% focused on individual-level inequalities (e.g. income), 14% focused on the built environment (e.g., walking destinations), 10% focused on social context (e.g., neighborhood socioeconomic status), 34% focused on stressors (e.g., discrimination, air pollution), and 4% focused on social support\/integration (e.g., social participation). Forty-seven (11%) of the papers combined MESA with other cohorts for cross-cohort comparisons and replication\/validation (e.g., validating algorithms).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, MESA has made significant contributions to the field and the published literature, with 20% of its published papers focused on SSDOH. Future SSDOH studies using MESA would benefit by using recently added instruments\/data (e.g., early life educational quality), linking SSDOH to biomarkers to determine underlying causal mechanisms linking SSDOH to CVD and aging outcomes, and by focusing on intersectionality, understudied SSDOH (i.e., social support, social context), and understudied outcomes in relation to SSDOH (i.e., sleep, respiratory health, cognition\/dementia).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]],"date-time":"2024-11-18T18:21:41Z","timestamp":1731954101000},"page":"e0313625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Structural and social determinants of health: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9945-0877","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lilah M.","family":"Besser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah N.","family":"Forrester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3307-1406","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Milla","family":"Arabadjian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3694-6060","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Bancks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Culkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7745-3513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Hayden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine T.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Pierre-Louis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana A.","family":"Hirsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0313625.ref001","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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