{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T12:51:06Z","timestamp":1793710266689,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737936000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["425275\/2016-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["425275\/2016-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Chlorella vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the probiotic that is important for keeping the intestinal microbiota balanced. The objective was to test the impact of supplementation with microalgae and\/or probiotics on broiler chickens\u2019 performance, immunity, and intestinal microbiota. The experimental design was in randomized blocks in a 4x2 factorial scheme, with four levels of inclusion of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    (0; 0.25; 0.50 and 1%) associated or not with a commercial probiotic with five replications of 26 chickens per experimental unit. The results showed that probiotics improved feed conversion. Probiotics increased the productivity index only at 0.25%\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    supplementation. There was a reduction in spleen weight at 42 days of age in chickens fed with probiotics, but the different treatments did not alter serum antibodies. Sampling age had a significant impact on richness addressed by the number of observed genera and diversity addressed by the Shannon index. The most abundant phylum in the chicken intestinal tract was Firmicutes followed by Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria.\n                    <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. was found in animals receiving 1% microalgae and probiotics on day 42, suggesting that this genus has benefited from microalgae supplementation. It is concluded that the probiotic and\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    have the potential to improve performance without causing major changes in the immunity and cecal microbiota.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T13:29:59Z","timestamp":1737984599000},"page":"e0313736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Impact of Chlorella vulgaris and probiotic supplementation on performance, immunity and intestinal microbiota of broiler chickens"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Verena Pereira","family":"Dinalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcio Carvalho","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3735-9207","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emerson Jos\u00e9","family":"Ven\u00e2ncio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0236-4380","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Ant\u00f4nio Barbosa","family":"Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Bessegatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augusto Tasch","family":"Holkem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amauri Alcindo","family":"Alfieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caio Abercio da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7706-9423","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Oba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0313736.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7100374","article-title":"Microbiota, Gut Health and Chicken Productivity: What Is the Connection?","volume":"7","author":"JM Diaz Carrasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-018-0538-6","article-title":"Biomarkers for monitoring intestinal health in poultry: present status and future perspectives","volume":"49","author":"R Ducatelle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0313736.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-017-7202-0","article-title":"Cecal microbiome divergence of broiler chickens by sex and body weight","volume":"55","author":"KC Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.10.028","article-title":"Microalgae: An emerging source of energy based bio-products and a solution for environmental issues","volume":"72","author":"R Katiyar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2012-00622","article-title":"Effect of various forms of dietary Chlorella supplementation on growth performance, immune characteristics, and intestinal microflora population of broiler chickens","volume":"22","author":"HK Kang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0313736.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.18517\/ijaseit.4.4.421","article-title":"The optimizing of growth and quality of Chlorella vulgaris as ASUH feed supplement for broiler","volume":"4","author":"M Salvia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Adv Sci Eng Inf Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0313736.ref007","first-page":"584","article-title":"A comprehensive review on chlorella-its composition, health benefits, market and regulatory scenario","volume":"7","author":"K Rani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharma Innov"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0313736.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/foods6050033","article-title":"Algal Proteins: Extraction, Application, and Challenges Concerning Production","volume":"6","author":"S Bleakley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with a chlorella by-product on the performance, immune response and metabolic function in laying hens","author":"CH Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"EuropPoultSci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0313736.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew345","article-title":"Effects of dietary recombinant chlorella supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, blood characteristics, excreta microflora, and nutrient digestibility in broilers","volume":"96","author":"H Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0313736.ref011","article-title":"Effect of Feeding 0.8% Dried Powdered Chlorella vulgaris Biomass on Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Intestinal Morphology during Grower Phase in Broiler Chickens","volume":"12","author":"S Roques","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0313736.ref012","article-title":"Effect of Dietary Microalgae on Growth Performance, Profiles of Amino and Fatty Acids, Antioxidant Status, and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens","volume":"10","author":"S El-Bahr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref013","unstructured":"F.A.O\/W.H.O. Probiotics in food: health and nutritional properties and guidelines for evaluation: report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food, including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria: Cordoba, Argentina, 1\u20134 October 2001: report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2006. viii, 50 p. p."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0313736.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.3382\/japr\/pfz054","article-title":"Productivity and Well-Being of Broiler Chickens Supplemented With Probiotic","volume":"28","author":"ICdL Almeida Paz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0313736.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09593-y","article-title":"Effect of a Multi-Species Probiotic on the Colonisation of Salmonella in Broilers","volume":"12","author":"DP Neveling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0313736.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.10.081","article-title":"Research Note: Effect of synbiotic supplementation on caecal Clostridium perfringens load in broiler chickens with different necrotic enteritis challenge models","volume":"99","author":"R Shanmugasundaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0313736.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/17450390500216928","article-title":"Effect of probiotics on intestinal mucosal immunity and ultrastructure of cecal tonsils of chickens","volume":"59","author":"Y Yurong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0313736.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2014-04200","article-title":"Feed supplementation with red seaweeds, Chondrus crispus and Sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii, affects performance, egg quality, and gut microbiota of layer hens","volume":"93","author":"G Kulshreshtha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0313736.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.01.030","article-title":"Effects of Taraxacum and Astragalus extracts combined with probiotic Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus on Escherichia coli-infected broiler chickens","volume":"100","author":"W Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0313736.ref020","article-title":"Dietary Chlorella supplementation effect on immune responses and growth performances of broiler chickens exposed to post hatch holding time","volume":"28","author":"S Sugiharto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Livestock Research for Rural Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey368","article-title":"Effects of dietary Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181 supplementation on growth performance and cellular and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens","volume":"98","author":"Y Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0313736.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1071\/AN20218","article-title":"Effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis and Bacillus subtilis PB6 on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and morphology, and serum parameters in broiler chickens","volume":"61","author":"M Joya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal production science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.13057\/biodiv\/d230120","article-title":"Combined use of Spirulina platensis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Implication on growth, blood profile and intestinal morphology and bacteria of the Indonesian crossbred chickens","volume":"23","author":"S Sugiharto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0244724","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244724","article-title":"Geography as non-genetic modulation factor of chicken cecal microbiota","volume":"16","author":"N Pin Viso","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00235","article-title":"Host and Environmental Factors Affecting the Intestinal Microbiota in Chickens","volume":"9","author":"JG Kers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0313736.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020219","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacilli Do Not Protect Chickens against Salmonella Enteritidis Infection by Competitive Exclusion in the Intestinal Tract but in Feed, Outside the Chicken Host","volume":"10","author":"H Juricova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0313736.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex061","article-title":"Prevention of Escherichia coli infection in broiler chickens with Lactobacillus plantarum B1","volume":"96","author":"S Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0313736.ref028","first-page":"151","article-title":"Utilization of growth promoter for broiler chickens in mashed and pellets diets","volume":"29","author":"L Loren\u00e7on","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Scientiarum\u2014Animal Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref029","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Diseases of Poultry","author":"DV Zander","year":"1991","edition":"9"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0313736.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03818","article-title":"Supplemental effect of probiotic Bacillus subtilis B2A on productivity, organ weight, intestinal Salmonella microflora, and breast meat quality of growing broiler chicks","volume":"93","author":"JH Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0313736.ref031","article-title":"Immunomodulatory action of jacalin from Artocarpus integrifolia and mannoprotein from Saccharomyces uvarum on the humoral immunity of laying hens","volume":"50","author":"MAC Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ci\u00eancia Rural"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00009-15","article-title":"Improved Bacterial 16S rRNA Gene (V4 and V4-5) and Fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer Marker Gene Primers for Microbial Community Surveys","volume":"1","author":"W Walters","year":"2016","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0313736.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"PD Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0313736.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13","article-title":"Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform","volume":"79","author":"JJ Kozich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref035","unstructured":"Team RC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna, Austria2020 [https:\/\/www.R-project.org."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0313736.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"N Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0313736.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12566","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation with a chlorella by-product on the growth performance, immune response, intestinal microflora and intestinal mucosal morphology in broiler chickens","volume":"101","author":"HK Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.2174\/1874294701710010092","article-title":"Chlorella vulgaris as a source of essential fatty acids and micronutrients: a brief commentary","volume":"10","author":"HR Freitas","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Open Plant Science Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0313736.ref039","first-page":"459","article-title":"Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and systemic lupus erythematosus: what do we know?","volume":"54","author":"MC Borges","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Bras Reumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252316000207","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review","volume":"18","author":"U Gadde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref041","first-page":"030","article-title":"Assessment of probiotic-supplementation on growth performance, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens","author":"SF Deraz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0313736.ref042","first-page":"2650","article-title":"Dietary administration of spirulina platensis as probiotics on growth performance and histopathology in broiler chicks","volume":"6","author":"B Shanmugapriya","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Recent Scientific Research"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2018.03.002","article-title":"Current Perspectives of the Chicken Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Microbiome","volume":"16","author":"D Borda-Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.26945","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome of poultry and its interaction with host and diet","volume":"5","author":"D Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0313736.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-012-0044-x","article-title":"The current trends and future perspectives of prebiotics research: a review","volume":"2","author":"S Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2373-4","article-title":"Effect of dried Chlorella vulgaris and Chlorella growth factor on growth performance, meat qualities and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens","volume":"5","author":"BK An","year":"2016","journal-title":"Springerplus"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0313736.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3807","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey160","article-title":"Benefits of probiotics and\/or prebiotics for antibiotic-reduced poultry","volume":"97","author":"HS Al-Khalaifah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref048","unstructured":"Furlan RL, Macari M, Luquetti BC. Como avaliar os efeitos do uso de prebi\u00f3ticos, probi\u00f3ticos e flora de exclus\u00e3o competitiva. 5\u00b0Simp\u00f3sio T\u00e9cnico de Incuba\u00e7\u00e3o, Matrizes de Corte e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o; Balne\u00e1rio Cambori\u00fa, SC, Brazil 2004. p. 6\u201328."},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933919000047","article-title":"The application of the microalgae Chlorella spp. as a supplement in broiler feed","volume":"75","author":"SA Abdelnour","year":"2019","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poultry Science Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0313736.ref050","first-page":"9","article-title":"A survey on Chlorella vulgaris effect\u2019s on performance and cellular immunity in broilers","volume":"3","author":"M Rezvani","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref051","article-title":"Antioxidant, immunomodulating, and microbial-modulating activities of the sustainable and ecofriendly Spirulina","author":"A. Finamore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2009-00308","article-title":"Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broilers nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition","volume":"89","author":"KC Mountzouris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.02.004","article-title":"Effects of synbiotic on the intestinal morphology and humoral immune response in broiler chickens","volume":"153","author":"H Hassanpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livestock Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0313736.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020221","article-title":"The Interplay between Campylobacter and the Caecal Microbial Community of Commercial Broiler Chickens over Time","volume":"9","author":"I Patuzzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00002","article-title":"Development of the chick Microbiome: how early exposure influences Future Microbial Diversity","volume":"3","author":"AL Ballou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0313736.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242108","article-title":"Broiler chickens and early life programming: Microbiome transplant-induced cecal community dynamics and phenotypic effects","volume":"15","author":"GA Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-1646-6","article-title":"Early life microbial colonization of the gut and intestinal development differ between genetically divergent broiler lines","volume":"16","author":"D Schokker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bmc Genomics"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0313736.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey093","article-title":"Effect of dietary Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis on the growth performance, antioxidant enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility, cecal microflora, excreta noxious gas emission, and breast meat quality of broiler chickens","volume":"97","author":"JH Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0313736.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.06.061","article-title":"In ovo supplementation of chitooligosaccharide and chlorella polysaccharide affects cecal microbial community, metabolic pathways, and fermentation metabolites in broiler chickens","volume":"99","author":"JC Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0313736.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev435","article-title":"Effects of dietary Lactobacillus plantarum B1 on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, and short chain fatty acid profiles in broiler chickens","volume":"95","author":"Q Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref061","unstructured":"Mascetti LGS, Dinalli VP, Russo ALS, Brene R, Dornellas T, A. O. Qualidade de carne de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas adicionadas farinha de alga associadas ou n\u00e3o a probi\u00f3tico. 7o Congresso Brasileiro de Zootecnia de Precis\u00e3o e 21o Semin\u00e1rio T\u00e9cnico Cient\u00edfico de Aves e Su\u00ednos; Medianeira-PR2023. p. 95."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0313736.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey416","article-title":"Possibilities of early life programming in broiler chickens via intestinal microbiota modulation","volume":"98","author":"LA Rubio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0313736.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115142","article-title":"Succession and Replacement of Bacterial Populations in the Caecum of Egg Laying Hens over Their Whole Life","volume":"9","author":"P Videnska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0313736.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13162633","article-title":"Colonization of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Chicks with Different Bacterial Microbiota Profiles","volume":"13","author":"L Franco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0313736.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01637","article-title":"The effect of including Lactobacillus reuteri KUB-AC5 during post-hatch feeding on the growth and ileum microbiota of broiler chickens","volume":"90","author":"M Nakphaichit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0313736.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12608","article-title":"The chicken gastrointestinal microbiome","volume":"360","author":"BB Oakley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fems Microbiol Lett"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0313736.ref067","article-title":"Characterization of the cecal microbiome composition of Wenchang chickens before and after fattening","volume":"14","author":"Z Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0313736.ref068","article-title":"Productive Performance and Cecum Microbiota Analysis of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with \u03b2-Mannanases and Bacteriophages-A Pilot Study","volume":"12","author":"CA Pantoja-Don Juan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"pone.0313736.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00011","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Changes in the Broiler Chicken Cecal and Fecal Microbiomes and Correlations of Bacterial Taxa with Cytokine Gene Expression","volume":"3","author":"BB Oakley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0313736.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-018-6330-7","article-title":"In vitro prebiotic effects of seaweed polysaccharides","volume":"36","author":"X Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Oceanology and Limnology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0313736","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T13:30:23Z","timestamp":1737984623000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0313736"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Arda","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0313736","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]]}}}