{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:30:04Z","timestamp":1789003804437,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-51181-30017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-51181-30017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Production of lettuce (<jats:italic>Lactuca sativa<\/jats:italic>) within vertical farms is an expanding segment of controlled environment agriculture\u2014precise manipulation of environmental parameters including mean daily temperature (MDT) and carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) concentration enables year-round production, alongside color, yield, and crop size regulation. Our objectives included 1) quantify how MDT and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> interact to influence lettuce growth, development, and quality; 2) model lettuce growth under several MDTs and CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations. Green butterhead \u2018Rex\u2019 and red oakleaf \u2018Rouxa\u00ef RZ\u2019 seedlings were transplanted into hydroponic tanks under a photosynthetic photon flux density of 300 \u03bcmol\u00b7m<jats:sup>\u20122<\/jats:sup>\u00b7s<jats:sup>\u20121<\/jats:sup> for 17-h\u00b7d<jats:sup>\u20121<\/jats:sup>. CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations of 500, 800, or 1200 \u03bcmol\u00b7mol<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> and day\/night and MDT setpoints of 22\/15\u00b0C (MDT 20\u00b0C), 25\/18\u00b0C (23\u00b0C), or 28\/21\u00b0C (26\u00b0C) were maintained within growth chambers. \u2018Rex\u2019 fresh mass increased linearly with MDT, increasing by 18% from 20 to 26\u00b0C. \u2018Rouxa\u00ef RZ\u2019 fresh mass increased quadratically with MDT, with a 32% increase from 20 to 23\u00b0C, then a 7% increase from 23 to 26\u00b0C. Elevating CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentrations from 500 to 800 \u03bcmol\u00b7mol<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> increased \u2018Rouxa\u00ef RZ\u2019 and \u2018Rex\u2019 fresh mass by 33 and 16%, respectively, while fresh mass did not increase from 800 to 1200 \u03bcmol\u00b7mol<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>. Both cultivars had the greatest dry mass at 800 \u03bcmol\u00b7mol<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup> CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> across temperatures. At a high MDT, \u2018Rouxa\u00ef RZ\u2019 foliage color became more light, vibrant, and green, while a low MDT induced darker, grayer, and redder foliage. Tipburn occurred on \u2018Rex\u2019 across treatments, while 25% of \u2018Rouxa\u00ef RZ\u2019 were afflicted at 500 \u03bcmol\u00b7mol<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and 67% at 1200 \u03bcmol\u00b7mol<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. At the light intensity studied, we recommend growing \u2018Rex\u2019 and \u2018Rouxa\u00ef RZ\u2019 at an 800 \u03bcmol\u00b7mol<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> concentration and MDT of 23\u00b0C for greatest biomass and leaf number, and slightly redder foliage in \u2018Rouxa\u00ef RZ\u2019 than at a 26\u00b0C MDT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T18:34:16Z","timestamp":1738866856000},"page":"e0313884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Influence of day and night temperature and carbon dioxide concentration on growth, yield, and quality of green butterhead and red oakleaf lettuce"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7882-6853","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sean T.","family":"Tarr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6779-6598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roberto G.","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0313884.ref001","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2020a. 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