{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T14:15:18Z","timestamp":1792678518707,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to determine the effective warm-up protocol using an added respiratory dead space (ARDS) 1200 ml volume mask to determine hypercapnic conditions, on the swimming velocity of the 50 m time trial front crawl. Eight male members of the university swimming team, aged 19\u201325, performed three different warm-up protocols: 1) standardized warm-up in water (WU<jats:sub>CON<\/jats:sub>); 2) hypercapnic warm-up in water (WU<jats:sub>ARDS<\/jats:sub>); 3) hypercapnic a 20-minute transition phase on land, between warm-up in water and swimming test (RE-WU<jats:sub>ARDS<\/jats:sub>). The three warm-up protocols were implemented in random order every 7<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup> day. After each protocol, the 50 m time trial front crawl swimming (swimming test) was performed. The fastest time trial swimming of 50 m front crawl was achieved after the hypercapnic transition phase (RE-WU<jats:sub>ARDS<\/jats:sub>) protocol and was 27.5 \u00b1 1.6 seconds, 1.2% faster than hypercapnic warm-up protocol (<jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic> 0.01). This result was confirmed by a higher swimming average speed of the exercise test after RE-WU<jats:sub>ARDS<\/jats:sub> compared to WU<jats:sub>ARDS<\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic> 0.01). The use of ARDS provoked a state of tolerable hypercapnia (obtaining carbon dioxide concentration in arterialized blood pCO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> &gt; 45 mmHg) achieving a post-warm-up of WU<jats:sub>ARDS<\/jats:sub> value 49.7 \u00b1 5.9 mmHg (compared to the control condition which was a statistically significant difference <jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic> 0.02) and before time trial RE-WU<jats:sub>ARDS<\/jats:sub> 45.7 \u00b1 2.1 mmHg (<jats:italic>p =<\/jats:italic> 0.01 compared to WU<jats:sub>CON<\/jats:sub>). After breathing through the 1200 ml ARDS mask during the 20-minute re-warm-up phase, there was a trend of faster time trial among participants compared to the control condition, and statistically significantly faster times compared to WU<jats:sub>ARDS<\/jats:sub>, indicating that further study is appropriate to verify the efficacy of the proposed method to improve swimming efficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T18:30:54Z","timestamp":1738175454000},"page":"e0314089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hypercapnic warm-up and re-warm-up\u2013A novel experimental approach in swimming sprint"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7697-6881","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Natalia","family":"Danek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Szczepan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zofia","family":"Wr\u00f3blewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Michalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Zato\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0314089.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0730-2","article-title":"The impact of resistance training on swimming performance: A systematic review.","volume":"47","author":"E Crowley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med Auckl NZ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314089.ref002","first-page":"80","article-title":"Analysis of the performance of finalist swimming athletes in Olympic games: reaction time, partial time, speed, and final time","volume":"20","author":"J Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Phys Educ Sport"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0314089.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200333070-00002","article-title":"Warm up II: performance changes following active warm up and how to structure the warm up","volume":"33","author":"D. 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