{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T18:49:26Z","timestamp":1770230966310,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1087781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1087781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1087781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1087781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1087781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1087781"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP100200755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP100200755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP100200755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP100200755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LP100200755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LP100200755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Internationally, adolescent alcohol consumption has been a major community concern for decades. Globally, there is a growing array of interventions aimed at preventing youth alcohol-related problems. Notably, the Communities that Care (CTC) process in the USA has proven to be a cost-effective intervention, leading to a reduction in adolescent alcohol-related problems. In Australia, the CTC trial has shown positive outcomes such as reduced adolescent alcohol and drug use, antisocial behaviors, and the availability of alcohol in the community. To encourage wider adoption, it is essential to ascertain the cost-effectiveness of the Australian CTC trial and its potential impact on addressing youth alcohol problems.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a limited societal perspective benefit-cost analysis focused on reducing adolescent (aged 10\u201314) alcohol use in the initial four CTC communities in Australia, spanning 2001 to 2015. To ensure accuracy, estimated benefits were adjusted for joint effects to prevent the double counting of the benefits over time.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The Australian CTC trial, as an adolescent alcohol prevention strategy, demonstrates robust economic credentials, delivering a return of AUD 2.6 for each dollar invested. The cost savings resulting from the reduction in alcohol consumption were estimated at AUD 123 per youth per 15 years and AUD 8 per person per year. The average cost of the CTC trial amounted to AUD 48 per youth over 15 years and AUD 3 per youth per year. The largest contribution to primary benefits were reductions in crime and violence with 93% of the total benefits.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study makes a valuable contribution to the international economic evidence related to youth alcohol prevention initiatives. The results affirm the strong cost-effectiveness potential of the initial CTC trial implementation in Australia. Moreover, conducting further cost-benefit modelling for additional outcomes and beyond the intervention\u2019s timeframe is likely to enhance the economic viability of the CTC trial.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T18:28:52Z","timestamp":1732732132000},"page":"e0314153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Australian Communities That Care (CTC) intervention: Benefit-cost analysis of a community-based youth alcohol prevention initiative"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Abimanyi-Ochom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3631-930X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sithara","family":"Wanni Arachchige Dona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shalika","family":"Bohingamu Mudiyanselage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kanika","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret","family":"Kuklinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bosco","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John W.","family":"Toumbourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10152","key":"pone.0314153.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31310-2","article-title":"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"392","author":"MG Griswold","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314153.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000413","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000413","article-title":"Adult consequences of late adolescent alcohol consumption: a systematic review of cohort studies.","volume":"8","author":"J McCambridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref003","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","journal-title":"Global status report on alcohol and health 2018,."},{"issue":"10036","key":"pone.0314153.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1","article-title":"Our future: a Lancet commission on adolescent health and wellbeing","volume":"387","author":"GC Patton","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"122","key":"pone.0314153.ref005","first-page":"1","article-title":"Implementing Communities That Care in Australia: a community mobilisation approach to crime prevention.","author":"JW Toumbourou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice."},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref006","article-title":"Community intervention to prevent adolescent health behavior problems: evaluation of Communities that Care in Australia.","author":"JW Toumbourou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref007","author":"Communities That Care","year":"2023","journal-title":"5 Phases of CTC."},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780190299217.001.0001","volume-title":"Communities that care: Building community engagement and capacity to prevent youth behavior problems","author":"AA Fagan","year":"2018"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314153.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230701613510","article-title":"Research to practice\u2014formal dissemination of the School Health and Alcohol Harm Reduction Project (SHAHRP) in Australia.","volume":"26","author":"NT McBride","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314153.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.04.003","article-title":"The Triple P-Positive Parenting Program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support.","volume":"34","author":"MR Sanders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical psychology review."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0314153.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.141","article-title":"Results of a type 2 translational research trial to prevent adolescent drug use and delinquency: A test of communities that care","volume":"163","author":"J Hawkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314153.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2011.183","article-title":"Sustained decreases in risk exposure and youth problem behaviors after installation of the communities that care prevention system in a randomized trial.","volume":"166","author":"J Hawkins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine."},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref013","volume-title":"Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes","author":"MF Drummond","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref014","year":"2007","journal-title":"Population by Age and Sex, Australia 2006 [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref015","author":"Australian Bureau Statistics","year":"2012","journal-title":"3235.0 Population by Age and Sex, Regions of Australia Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref016","article-title":"Estimated Resident Population: ERP by LGA (ASGS 2013), Age and Sex, 2001 to 2013.","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2013","journal-title":"Data extracted on 13 Apr 2017 06:44 UTC (GMT) from ABS.Stat \u00a9 Commonwealth of Australia. Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12829","article-title":"A longitudinal study of the association of adolescent polydrug use, alcohol use and high school non\u2010completion","volume":"110","author":"AB Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0314153.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003015","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-003015","article-title":"The persistence of adolescent binge drinking into adulthood: findings from a 15-year prospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314153.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-011-0259-9","article-title":"Cost-benefit analysis of communities that care outcomes at eighth grade","volume":"13","author":"MR Kuklinski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prevention Science"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref020","volume-title":"2010 National Drug Strategy Household Survey report","author":"Australian Institute of healtha nd Welfare","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref021","volume-title":"National Drug Strategy Household Survey detailed report: 2013.","author":"Health AIo, Welfare","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref022","author":"A Laslett","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref023","author":"Turning Point","journal-title":"AODstats\u2014Victoria State"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref024","author":"JJ Watts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoporosis costing all Australian: a new burden of disease analysis-2012 to 2022"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref025","first-page":"xvii","article-title":"Counting the costs of crime in Australia: A 2011 estimate.","author":"RG Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIC reports Research and Public Policy series."},{"issue":"454","key":"pone.0314153.ref026","first-page":"1","article-title":"The societal costs of alcohol misuse in Australia","author":"M Manning","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends and issues in crime and criminal justice"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref027","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2022","journal-title":"Recorded Crime Offenders \u2019Offenders, Australia\u2019 [data set]."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314153.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.575","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of alcohol-related incidents requiring police attendance","volume":"68","author":"G Palk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref029","author":"D Collins","year":"2008","journal-title":"The costs of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug abuse to Australian society in 2004\/05: Department of Health and Ageing Canberra"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref030","first-page":"98","volume":"108","author":"KE McCollister","year":"2010","journal-title":"The cost of crime to society: new crime-specific estimates for policy and program evaluation Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref031","volume-title":"Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol","author":"NHMRC","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref032","author":"D Cadilhac","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref033","volume-title":"Assessing cost-effectiveness in prevention","author":"T Vos","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref034","author":"Australian Institute of healtha nd Welfare","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annal rates of health inflation, 1999\u201300 to 2009\u201319."},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref035","article-title":"Infaltion calculator.","author":"Reserve Bank of Australia","journal-title":"Reserve Bank of Australia."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314153.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.519","article-title":"Societal costs of underage drinking","volume":"67","author":"TR Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of studies on alcohol"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref037","volume-title":"A guide to Australian Prevention Strategies","author":"Communities That Care","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref038","first-page":"17","article-title":"Ottawa Charter for health promotion.","volume":"21","author":"O. Charter","year":"1986","journal-title":"First international conference on health promotion."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0314153.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.7.956","article-title":"Project northland: Outcomes from a communitywide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence","volume":"86","author":"CL Perry","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref040","article-title":"Student survey trends in reported alcohol use and influencing factors in Australia","author":"JW Toumbourou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Review"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref041","volume-title":"4364.0.55.001\u2014National Health Survey: First Results, 2014\u20132015.","author":"Australian Bureau of Statistics","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0314153.ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evaluation of communities that care\u2014Effects on municipal youth crime rates in Victoria, Australia: 2010\u20132019.","author":"B Rowland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prevention science."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314153","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T18:29:11Z","timestamp":1732732151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314153"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daryl","family":"Higgins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314153","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]}}}