{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T19:40:18Z","timestamp":1772221218205,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52037007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52037007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017610","name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20230807144159004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20230807144159004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017610","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chongming Project of the Heye Health Technology Co., Ltd","award":["HY-I-202101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HY-I-202101"]}]},{"name":"Space Medical Experiment Project of China Manned Space Program","award":["HYZHXM01008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HYZHXM01008"]}]},{"name":"Space Utilization Project of China Manned Space Program","award":["YYWT-0901-EXP-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YYWT-0901-EXP-04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is the most common type of osteoporosis. Numerous studies have shown that static magnetic fields (SMFs) can inhibit bone loss by regulating bone remodeling. However, there are currently no clinical studies on the treatment of osteoporosis with SMFs. This study aims to investigate the clinical therapeutic effects of moderate static magnetic fields (MMFs) on PMOP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this paper, we constructed MMF device using neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) materials. At the animal level, the effect of MMF exposure for 8 weeks on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss was investigated by evaluating bone microstructure, mechanical properties, and bone conversion using ovariectomized (OVX) mice. Clinically, a single-blind randomized controlled study in patients with PMOP was designed. PMOP patients aged 55\u201370 years were recruited and randomized into the control and MMF treatment groups. Clinical assessments of bone mineral density (BMD), bone turnover markers (BTMs) and VAS scores were performed at baseline and day 90, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that MMF exposure significantly improved BMD, bone mineral content (BMC), bone microarchitecture and bone strength in OVX mice. For bone turnover, MMF increased the number of osteoblasts on the bone surface of OVX mice as well as the level of serum bone formation marker P1NP, while decreasing the number of osteoclasts and the level of serum bone resorption marker \u03b2-CTX. The clinical trial\u2019s results showed that MMF treatment had a positive effect on the improvement of BMD in the lumbar spine and increased serum P1NP levels while decreased \u03b2-CTX levels. In addition, MMF treatment decreased participants\u2019 VAS scores for low back pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of both animal and clinical studies demonstrated that MMF treatment improved bone turnover and have a positive effect on BMD improvement, as well as alleviated low back pain in PMOP patients. This study will promote the translational research and clinical application of SMF treatment for osteoporosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intervention study of moderate static magnetic field on osteoporosis and iron metabolism in postmenopausal women, ChiCTR2100048604<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:49:49Z","timestamp":1745934589000},"page":"e0314199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Moderate static magnetic fields prevent estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss: Evidence from ovariectomized mouse model and small sample size randomized controlled clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Shenghang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiancheng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunpeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youde","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lilei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xianglin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yawei","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zengfeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiacheng","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunling","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaosu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinle","family":"luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Huyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhouqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanwen","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5418-6240","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peng","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10169","key":"pone.0314199.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32112-3","article-title":"Osteoporosis","volume":"393","author":"JE Compston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108168","article-title":"Advances in pathogenesis and therapeutic strategies for osteoporosis.","volume":"237","author":"S Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314199.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(01)00614-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales","volume":"29","author":"TP van Staa","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16069","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.69","article-title":"Postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"2","author":"R Eastell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0314199.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30188-2","article-title":"Osteoporosis treatment: recent developments and ongoing challenges","volume":"5","author":"S Khosla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10329","key":"pone.0314199.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02646-5","article-title":"Drug therapy for osteoporosis in older adults","volume":"399","author":"IR Reid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0314199.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1607948","article-title":"Romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"375","author":"F Cosman","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314199.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59010121","article-title":"The Possible role of electrical stimulation in osteoporosis: a narrative review","volume":"59","author":"W Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref009","first-page":"128","article-title":"A non-operative salvage of surgically-resistant pseudarthroses and non-unions by pulsing electromagnetic fields. A preliminary report.","volume":"124","author":"CA Bassett","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.07.010","article-title":"Pulsed electromagnetic fields modulate bone metabolism via RANKL\/OPG and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathways in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: A pilot study","volume":"116","author":"A Catalano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1974.tb26794.x","article-title":"Acceleration of fracture repair by electromagnetic fields. A surgically noninvasive method.","volume":"238","author":"CA Bassett","year":"1974","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314199.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02004-y","article-title":"Moderate SMFs attenuate bone loss in mice by promoting directional osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs","volume":"11","author":"G Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0314199.ref013","first-page":"45","article-title":"Consolidation of bone fragments in a constant magnetic field","volume":"32","author":"IL Degen","year":"1971","journal-title":"Ortop Travmatol Protez"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0314199.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6029","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06256-y","article-title":"Safety of exposure to high static magnetic fields (2 T-12 T): a study on mice","volume":"29","author":"S Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314199.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2004.12.009","article-title":"Bioeffects of moderate-intensity static magnetic fields on cell cultures","volume":"36","author":"L Dini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2022.11.006","article-title":"Evidence of the static magnetic field effects on bone-related diseases and bone cells","volume":"177","author":"J Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314199.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-023-01170-3","article-title":"Moderate static magnetic field promotes fracture healing and regulates iron metabolism in mice","volume":"22","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314199.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-009-0932-9","article-title":"The effect of an intramedullary implant with a static magnetic field on the healing of the osteotomised rabbit femur","volume":"35","author":"N Aydin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-198709000-00040","article-title":"Effect of a static magnetic field on fracture healing in a rabbit radius. Preliminary results.","volume":"222","author":"GK Bruce","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0314199.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2021.3072148","article-title":"Moderate static magnetic fields prevent bone architectural deterioration and strength reduction in ovariectomized mice","volume":"57","author":"J Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Magn"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314199.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(76)90113-5","article-title":"Graphic representation of pain","volume":"2","author":"J Scott","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-070313-022841","article-title":"Management of postmenopausal osteoporosis","volume":"66","author":"P Andreopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e068033","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068033","article-title":"Fracture risk reduction and safety by osteoporosis treatment compared with placebo or active comparator in postmenopausal women: systematic review, network meta-analysis, and meta-regression analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"381","author":"MN H\u00e4ndel","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314199.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-05228-8","article-title":"Persistence and compliance with osteoporosis therapies among postmenopausal women in the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink","volume":"31","author":"J Morley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0314199.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-019-05104-5","article-title":"Determinants, consequences and potential solutions to poor adherence to anti-osteoporosis treatment: results of an expert group meeting organized by the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO) and the International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF)","volume":"30","author":"M Hiligsmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-018-0019-6","article-title":"Paracrine and endocrine actions of bone-the functions of secretory proteins from osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts","volume":"6","author":"Y Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314199.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2013.08.004","article-title":"In vivo analysis of the contribution of bone resorption to the control of glucose metabolism in mice","volume":"2","author":"J Lacombe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314199.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2023.tb00253.x","article-title":"Aging and bone metabolism","volume":"13","author":"RJ Pignolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2022.09.002","article-title":"Biophysical mechanisms underlying the effects of static magnetic fields on biological systems","volume":"177","author":"B Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314199.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0807\/18\/4\/012","article-title":"Of flying frogs and levitrons","volume":"18","author":"MV Berry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur J Phys"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314199.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jos.2017.01.022","article-title":"The nature of osteoporotic low back pain without acute vertebral fracture: A prospective multicenter study on the analgesic effect of monthly minodronic acid hydrate","volume":"22","author":"K Fujimoto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314199.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.06.013","article-title":"Risedronate decreases bone resorption and improves low back pain in postmenopausal osteoporosis patients without vertebral fractures","volume":"17","author":"S Ohtori","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"10294","key":"pone.0314199.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00733-9","article-title":"Low back pain","volume":"398","author":"NN Knezevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314199.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22323","article-title":"The analgesic effects of static magnetic fields","volume":"42","author":"Y Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314199.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2006.12.008","article-title":"Low intensity permanent magnets in the treatment of chronic lumbar radicular pain","volume":"34","author":"S Khoromi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0314199.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2012.661916","article-title":"Effect of local exposure to inhomogeneous static magnetic field on stomatological pain sensation - a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"88","author":"JF L\u00e1szl\u00f3","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Radiat Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314199.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2005.11.495","article-title":"A critical review of randomized controlled trials of static magnets for pain relief","volume":"11","author":"NK Eccles","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0314199.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.2002.17.10.1814","article-title":"Strong static magnetic field stimulates bone formation to a definite orientation in vitro and in vivo","volume":"17","author":"H Kotani","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0314199.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1002\/term.2973","article-title":"16 T high static magnetic field inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-\u0392 ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation by regulating iron metabolism in Raw264.7 cells","volume":"13","author":"D Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314199.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1161-5","article-title":"Regulation of osteoblast differentiation and iron content in MC3T3-E1 cells by static magnetic field with different intensities","volume":"184","author":"J Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"pone.0314199.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2022.10.007","article-title":"1-2 T static magnetic field combined with Ferumoxytol prevent unloading-induced bone loss by regulating iron metabolism in osteoclastogenesis.","volume":"38","author":"G Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Orthop Translat"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0314199.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22985","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202202131RR","article-title":"A static magnetic field improves bone quality and balances the function of bone cells with regulation on iron metabolism and redox status in type 1 diabetes","volume":"37","author":"H Lv","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314199","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]],"date-time":"2025-04-29T13:50:00Z","timestamp":1745934600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314199"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andre","family":"van Wijnen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314199","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.11.08.24316968","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,29]]}}}