{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:08:27Z","timestamp":1792163307445,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Bolsa CAPES 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bolsa CAPES 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Titanium oxide is of fundamental strategic importance in the global market as it is used as a raw material by several industries, such as medical prostheses, paints, pigments, and, more recently, electronic chips. The main source of titanium oxide is ilmenite, a mineral deposited in many coastal areas of the world, including the state of Rio Grande do Sul in Southern Brazil in its central coastal plain, under specific morphodynamic conditions. Some geological targets, such as mineral oxides, show distinct thermal spectral features. The present study evaluated the surface concentration of ilmenite in Southern Brazil using thermal spectroscopy (\u03bcFT-IR). The emissivity spectral signatures of pure ilmenite between 8 and 14 \u03bcm were determined and some indicative features were identified. The obtained emissivity spectrum has been employed as a reference for the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Linear Spectral Unmixing (LSU) image classification algorithms. An image from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Radiometer (ASTER) sensor (AST_05 emissivity product) was used to recognize the occurrence and assess the richness of the ilmenite. The outcomes of the present study indicated pixels with ilmenite concentration between 0 and 29.6%, with the highest concentration occurring under the transgressive dune field. In contrast, a lower concentration is found in the backshore. To obtain the degree of purity of the ilmenite, a quantitative microanalysis of the samples was conducted in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the results indicated that 80% of the minerals were ilmenite. Qualitative microanalysis showed that ilmenite is in the primary alteration phase, with a low degree of weathering and a lower concentration of impurities. Integrated techniques for analyzing multispectral and hyperspectral data in the thermal infrared were able to identify and map minerals rich in titanium oxide (ilmenite) quickly, effectively, at low cost, and non-destructively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T18:37:52Z","timestamp":1739385472000},"page":"e0314238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distribution of ilmenite minerals in placer deposits along the middle coast of Southern Brazil using spaceborne and ground-based remote sensing"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Prates Hallal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla Cristine","family":"Porcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4158-4578","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bijeesh Kozhikkodan","family":"Veettil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7933-2897","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jean Marcel","family":"de Almeida Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Beatriz Alves Rolim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314238.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10010124","article-title":"Visible-Light Active Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials with Bactericidal Properties.","volume":"10","author":"C Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomaterials."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0314238.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14081526","article-title":"Characterization of Selected Materials in Medical Applications.","volume":"14","author":"K Kroczek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"pone.0314238.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204663","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202204663","article-title":"Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities in Oxide Semiconductor Devices: A Key Building Block for Applications Ranging from Display Backplanes to 3D Integrated Semiconductor Chips","volume":"35","author":"T Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Advanced Materials"},{"key":"pone.0314238.ref004","unstructured":"Pihl I, Lind J, Henkow S (2022) How do Swedish companies handle disruptions in global supply chains stemming from the semiconductor crisis? 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