{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T14:15:52Z","timestamp":1776435352239,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec021\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pelvic floor is a highly important structure for the stability of the pelvis, providing support for the organs that lie within it. Until today, the detailed anatomy of the female perineal centre and the exact course of surrounding muscles remain controversial. We demonstrate a method to non-destructively obtain high-resolution contrast-enhanced x-ray microtomography images from a long-fixed sample and thereby aim to contribute to the detailed anatomical knowledge about the female pelvic floor.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec022\">\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A human foetal pelvis of 20\u201321 weeks gestational age, formalin-fixed for 4 years, was immersed in Lugol solution and tomographically scanned periodically to document the staining process. The influence of the former fixation time was addressed by comparison with a short time fixed mouse pelvis. High-resolution imaging was performed using \u00b5CT, with detailed anatomical analysis supported by segmentation and 3D reconstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec023\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lugol staining of long-fixed tissue was effective and showed no disadvantages compared to short-fixed tissue. Lugol staining and high-resolution \u00b5CT images provided a nicely stained image-stack with clearly identifiable tissue types. The anatomy of the foetal pelvis and its structures were resolved in detail. Interconnections between the external anal sphincter, the bulbospongiosus muscle and the superficial transverse perineal muscle could be shown within the perineal centre. There was no evidence for a skeletal muscle that corresponded to the formerly described deep transverse perineal muscle, instead there was cloudy-looking tissue, most likely smooth muscle fibres dispersed in connective tissue in a 3-D arrangement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec024\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>X-ray microtomography of Lugol-stained tissue is an excellent method to gain anatomical details in high resolution, in a non-invasive and non-destructive way, independently of the fixation time. Using this method, the topographical relationships of the pelvic floor muscles could be illustrated, showing their linkage within the perineal centre.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T13:38:16Z","timestamp":1749821896000},"page":"e0314261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Contrast-enhanced Micro-CT imaging of a foetal female pelvic floor reveals anatomical details"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1791-1532","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dea","family":"Aaldijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Halm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana 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