{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:25:26Z","timestamp":1747196726756,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Frontiers in Research Fund","award":["Ethno-ecosystem approach to conserving imperiled freshwater turtles in two Indigenous Georgian Bay coastal communities"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ethno-ecosystem approach to conserving imperiled freshwater turtles in two Indigenous Georgian Bay coastal communities"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Classifying animal behaviors in their natural environments is both challenging and ecologically important, but the use of biologgers with multiple sensors has significantly advanced this research beyond the capabilities of traditional methods alone. Here, we show how biologgers containing an integrated tri-axial accelerometer, GPS logger and immersion sensor were used to infer behavioural states of a cryptic, freshwater turtle, the Blanding\u2019s turtle (<jats:italic>Emydoidea blandingii<\/jats:italic>). Biologgers were attached to three males and five females that reside in two undisturbed coastal marshes in northeastern Georgian Bay (Ontario, Canada) between May and July 2023. Raw acceleration values were separated into static and dynamic acceleration and subsequently used to calculate overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) and pitch. The unsupervised Hidden Markov Model (HMM) successfully differentiated five behavioural states as follows: active in water, resting in water, active out of water, resting in water, and nesting. Overall accuracy of the classification was 93.8%, and except for nesting (79%), all other behaviours were above 92%. There were significant differences in daily activity budgets between male and female turtles, with females spending a greater proportion of time active out of water, and inactive out of the water, while males spent a greater proportion of time active in water. These differences were likely a result of large seasonal life-history requirements such as nesting and mate finding. Accurate classification of behavioural states is important for researchers to understand fine-scale activities carried out during the active season and how environmental variables may influence the behaviours of turtles in their natural habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T18:41:03Z","timestamp":1732560063000},"page":"e0314291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unsupervised classification of Blanding\u2019s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) behavioural states from multi-sensor biologger data"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9359-5434","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelton","family":"Adderley-Heron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Chow-Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0314291.ref001","first-page":"67","article-title":"Foraging behaviour and activity budgets of Curlew Sandpipers","author":"G. Puttick","year":"1979","journal-title":"Ardea"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref002","first-page":"18","article-title":"Use of GPS loggers to enhance radio-tracking studies of semi-aquatic freshwater turtles","volume":"9","author":"R Christensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Herpetological Conservation and Biology"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2744\/CCB-0918.1","article-title":"The Effects of Sex and Season on Patterns of Thermoregulation in Blanding\u2019s Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in Ontario, Canada.","volume":"11","author":"CS Millar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1656\/1092-6194-15.3.431","article-title":"Home Range and Movement of Blanding\u2019s Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in New Hampshire.","volume":"15","author":"RJ Innes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Northeastern Naturalist."},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref005","first-page":"275","article-title":"Habitat Use and Basking Behavior of a Freshwater Turtle Community Along an Urban Gradient.","volume":"12","author":"SK Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"ccab"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1890\/14-1401.1","article-title":"The golden age of bio-logging: how animal-borne sensors are advancing the frontiers of ecology","volume":"96","author":"CC Wilmers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31187","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0031187","article-title":"Tri-axial dynamic acceleration as a proxy for animal energy expenditure; should we be summing values or calculating the vector?","volume":"7","author":"L Qasem","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00092","article-title":"Biologging Physiological and Ecological Responses to Climatic Variation: New Tools for the Climate Change Era.","volume":"6","author":"HE Chmura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol."},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0277491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277491","article-title":"Developing a classification system to assign activity states to two species of freshwater turtles.","volume":"17","author":"A-C Auge","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE."},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0256549","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256549","article-title":"Fine scale behaviour and time-budget in the cryptic ectotherm European pond turtle Emys orbicularis","volume":"16","author":"T Marchand","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2022-0100","article-title":"Five months under ice: biologging reveals behaviour patterns of overwintering freshwater turtles","volume":"101","author":"JA Robichaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12995","article-title":"momentuHMM: R package for generalized hidden Markov models of animal movement","volume":"9","author":"BT McClintock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40462-021-00243-z","article-title":"Hidden Markov models identify major movement modes in accelerometer and magnetometer data from four albatross species","volume":"9","author":"MG Conners","year":"2021","journal-title":"Movement Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12657","article-title":"Analysis of animal accelerometer data using hidden Markov models.","volume":"8","author":"V Leos\u2010Barajas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4740","article-title":"A comparison of techniques for classifying behavior from accelerometers for two species of seabird","volume":"9","author":"A Patterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0295067","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295067","article-title":"Don\u2019t worry, be happy: Habitat selection of Blanding\u2019s Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) living in a reference condition in Georgian Bay.","volume":"18","author":"RL Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.2307\/1436818","article-title":"A System of Marking Turtles for Future Identification","volume":"1939","author":"FR Cagle","year":"1939","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2022","author":"R Core Team","key":"pone.0314291.ref018"},{"volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R","year":"2020","author":"RStudio Team","key":"pone.0314291.ref019"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00104","article-title":"Derivation of body motion via appropriate smoothing of acceleration data.","volume":"4","author":"E Shepard","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat Biol."},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.13241","article-title":"Joint modelling of multi-scale animal movement data using hierarchical hidden Markov models","volume":"10","author":"T Adam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00227-020-03803-w","article-title":"Evaluating the constraints governing activity patterns of a coastal marine top predator","volume":"168","author":"EE Byrnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mar Biol"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12584","article-title":"BORIS: a free, versatile open-source event-logging software for video\/audio coding and live observations","volume":"7","author":"O Friard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods in Ecology and Evolution"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05","article-title":"Building Predictive Models in R Using the caret Package","volume":"28","author":"M. Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref025","first-page":"132753","volume-title":"Modeling zero-inflated count data with glmmTMB","author":"ME Brooks","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2016.09.009","article-title":"Adaptive sliding window segmentation for physical activity recognition using a single tri-axial accelerometer.","volume":"38","author":"MHM Noor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pervasive and Mobile Computing"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2307\/1565040","article-title":"Dietary Habits of the Blanding\u2019s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingi) in Northeastern Illinois.","volume":"26","author":"JW Rowe","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Herpetology"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref028","first-page":"304","article-title":"EMYDOIDEA BLANDINGII (Blanding\u2019s Turtle). FORAGING AND DIET.","volume":"44","author":"JP Flaherty","year":"2013","journal-title":"Herpetological Review"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref029","first-page":"417","article-title":"Nesting Ecology and Hatching Success in the Turtle Emydoidea blandingi","volume":"39","author":"JD Congdon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2980\/17-1-3317","article-title":"Habitat selection by Blanding\u2019s turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in a relatively pristine landscape.","volume":"17","author":"CB Edge","year":"2010","journal-title":"\u00c9coscience"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1139\/z06-148","article-title":"The good mother: Does nest-site selection constitute parental investment in turtles?","volume":"84","author":"EJ Hughes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can J Zool"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1643\/h2020125","article-title":"Multi-scale Assessment of Rock Barrens Turtle Nesting Habitat: Effects of Moisture and Temperature on Hatch Success.","volume":"109","author":"CE Markle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ichthyology & Herpetology."},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-013-0493-8","article-title":"Spatial aspects of movements, mating patterns, and nest distributions influence gene flow among population subunits of Blanding\u2019s turtles (Emydoidea blandingii).","volume":"14","author":"JM McGuire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Conserv Genet."},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref034","first-page":"112","article-title":"Basking Behavior as a Measure of Reproductive Cost and Energy Allocation in the Painted Turtle, Chrysemys picta","volume":"54","author":"MA Krawchuk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2744\/CCB-1075.1","article-title":"Habitat Selection by the Blanding\u2019s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) on a Protected Island in Georgian Bay, Lake Huron.","volume":"13","author":"CE Markle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chelonian Conservation and Biology"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-18264-8_5","volume-title":"Activity Patterns in Small Mammals: An Ecological Approach","author":"S. Halle","year":"2000"},{"key":"pone.0314291.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.34.011802.132435","article-title":"Partitioning of Time as an Ecological Resource","volume":"34","author":"N Kronfeld-Schor","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314291","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T18:41:16Z","timestamp":1732560076000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314291"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vitor Hugo Rodrigues","family":"Paiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314291","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]}}}