{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:31:36Z","timestamp":1763389896898,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interpersonal violence is a significant public health and human rights concern. People living with severe mental illness are especially vulnerable. The Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Agenda aims to end violence. To this end, we gathered information on the prevalence and factors associated with interpersonal violence among one of the most impacted groups: individuals with severe mental illness at Butabika Hospital in Kampala, Uganda. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2020, including individuals 18 years or older. Data was collected through a socio-demographics questionnaire and nine questions from the modified My Exposure to Community Violence Questionnaire. The assessment evaluated physical or sexual violence experience, frequency, and perpetrator identity. The data was analyzed using STATA version 12 through simple logistic regression to determine the correlation between a single exposure and the outcome of interest, with a significance level of 5%. Among 385 participants, the past year prevalence of overall reported interpersonal violence was about 34%, while physical and sexual reported interpersonal violence were approximately 29% and 11%, respectively. Participants who had perpetrated physical violence had higher odds of experiencing reported interpersonal violence. With increasing age, the odds of experiencing reported interpersonal violence decreased; compared to those aged 18\u201324 years, those aged 35\u201344 years had AOR = 0.31 (95% CI: 0.14\u20130.70, p = 0.005), and those aged 45 years and above had AOR = 0.34 (95% CI: 0.15\u20130.80, p = 0.013). Reported interpersonal violence was high among the participants. While individuals of older age had lower odds of reporting interpersonal violence, those who had perpetrated physical violence in the past year had higher odds. Screening for interpersonal violence among young patients is recommended. Psycho-education on preventing physical violence should be provided, especially to younger adults. The Ministry of Health should address violence against individuals with mental illness through mass sensitization. A prospective study could investigate risk and protective factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T18:33:31Z","timestamp":1733164411000},"page":"e0314402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physical, sexual and overall reported interpersonal violence against adult out-patients with severe mental illness under remission, receiving healthcare at Butabika hospital: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0607-2654","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Edgar Innocent","family":"Guma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bangirana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Birungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Ocen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0683-8560","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zahra","family":"Morawej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noeline","family":"Nakasujja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9339","key":"pone.0314402.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11133-0","article-title":"The world report on violence and health","volume":"360","author":"EG Krug","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref002","unstructured":"Organization WH. WHO Global Consultation on Violence and Health. Violence: a public health priority. Geneva. World Health Organization Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. 1996."},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref003","unstructured":"Organization WH. Violence against children: World Health Organisation; 2022 [updated November 29, 2022; cited 2022 30 November 2022]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/violence-against-children#:\u223c:text=Result%20in%20negative%20coping%20and,mental%20health%20problems%20and%20suicide."},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref004","first-page":"755","article-title":"Interpersonal violence","volume":"2","author":"ML Rosenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disease control priorities in developing countries"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314402.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2008.019554","article-title":"Preventing violence and reducing its impact: how development agencies can help","volume":"14","author":"C. Mikton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Injury prevention"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref006","unstructured":"Health NIoM. Coping With Traumatic Events: National Institute of Mental Health 2024 [updated May 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/coping-with-traumatic-events."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314402.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30002-5","article-title":"People with severe mental illness as the perpetrators and victims of violence: time for a new public health approach","volume":"5","author":"G. Thornicroft","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref008","unstructured":"Organization WH. Global Health Estimates Summary Tables: Deaths by Cause, Age and Sex, by WHO Region: World Health Organization 2014 [Available from: http:\/\/www.who.int\/healthinfo\/global_burden_disease\/en\/."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314402.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(199004)18:2<141::AID-JCOP2290180206>3.0.CO;2-O","article-title":"Victimization among homeless women: Implications for service delivery","volume":"18","author":"A D\u2019Ercole","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref010","first-page":"209","article-title":"People with mental retardation as victims of crime","author":"R. Luckasson","year":"1992","journal-title":"The criminal justice system and mental retardation: Defendants and victims"},{"issue":"9826","key":"pone.0314402.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61851-5","article-title":"Prevalence and risk of violence against adults with disabilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"379","author":"K Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314402.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709991589","article-title":"Domestic violence and severe psychiatric disorders: prevalence and interventions","volume":"40","author":"LM Howard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314402.ref013","first-page":"197","article-title":"Violence towards people with severe mental disorders: a review of the literature and of related concepts","volume":"56","author":"A Lovell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Revue d\u2019epidemiologie et de sante publique"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0314402.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.8.911","article-title":"Crime victimization in adults with severe mental illness: comparison with the National Crime Victimization Survey","volume":"62","author":"LA Teplin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of general psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0314402.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.41.7.761","article-title":"Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys","volume":"41","author":"JW Swanson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314402.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"RC Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of general psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S55","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050210","article-title":"Psychotic symptoms and violent behaviors: probing the components of \u201cthreat\/control-override\u201d symptoms","volume":"33","author":"BG Link","year":"1998","journal-title":"Social psychiatry and psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S68321","article-title":"Violent victimization of adult patients with severe mental illness: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"K Latalova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314402.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013026318450","article-title":"Recent victimization in women and men with severe mental illness: prevalence and correlates","volume":"14","author":"LA Goodman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of traumatic stress"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314402.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.183.3.233","article-title":"Prevalence of violent victimisation in severe mental illness","volume":"183","author":"E Walsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314402.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1177\/004947559902900420","article-title":"Violence suffered by psychotic patients seen at a rural hospital in Northeast Zaire","volume":"29","author":"J. Burdon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tropical doctor"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.10.032","article-title":"Violence and violent victimization in people with severe mental illness in a rural low-income country setting: a comparative cross-sectional community study","volume":"152","author":"R Tsigebrhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophrenia research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314402.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2008.01300.x","article-title":"Severe mental illness and criminal victimization: a systematic review","volume":"119","author":"R. Maniglio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314402.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1080\/13698570412331323252","article-title":"Risks to mental health patients discharged into the community","volume":"6","author":"S Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health, Risk & Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0314402.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.49.5.678","article-title":"The effect of victimization on clinical outcomes of homeless persons with serious mental illness","volume":"49","author":"JA Lam","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0314402.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0819-4","article-title":"Correlates of victimisation amongst people with psychosis","volume":"39","author":"B Chapple","year":"2004","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0314402.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2003.021436","article-title":"Mental disorder and violent victimization in a total birth cohort","volume":"95","author":"E Silver","year":"2005","journal-title":"American journal of public health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314402.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58142","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058142","article-title":"Symptoms associated with victimization in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders","volume":"8","author":"F Fortugno","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.1.62","article-title":"Criminal victimization of persons with severe mental illness","volume":"50","author":"VA Hiday","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatric services"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314402.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0047.2004.00322.x","article-title":"Schizophrenia, neighbourhood, and crime","volume":"110","author":"B L\u00f6gdberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.011","article-title":"Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990\u20132017: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"191","author":"GE Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"journal-title":"Experiences with Housing and Violence","year":"2023","author":"S James","key":"pone.0314402.ref032"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314402.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0460-8","article-title":"Experiences of victimisation and depression are associated with community functioning among men with schizophrenia","volume":"44","author":"S Hodgins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0314402.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181f49bf1","article-title":"Impact of traumatic and violent victimization experiences in individuals with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder","volume":"198","author":"JM Newman","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of nervous and mental disease"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2158244014526209","article-title":"Human rights violations and mental illness: implications for engagement and adherence","volume":"4","author":"M Mfoafo-M\u2019Carthy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sage Open"},{"journal-title":"WHO Profile on mental health in development (WHO proMIND). Republic of Uganda","year":"2012","author":"World Health Organization Geneva","key":"pone.0314402.ref036"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314402.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302479","article-title":"Sexual risk behavior, sexual violence, and HIV in persons with severe mental illness in Uganda: hospital-based cross-sectional study and national comparison data","volume":"105","author":"P Lundberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"American journal of public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1017","article-title":"Violence against primary school children with disabilities in Uganda: a cross-sectional study","volume":"14","author":"KM Devries","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12914-016-0079-x","article-title":"Intimate partner violence as seen in post-conflict eastern Uganda: prevalence, risk factors and mental health consequences","volume":"16","author":"E Kinyanda","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC international health and human rights"},{"journal-title":"Sustainable Development Goal 16 2023","year":"2023","author":"UN T\u00fcrkiye","key":"pone.0314402.ref040"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref041","unstructured":"Nations U, T\u00fcrkiye. Sustainable Development Goal 3 2023 [updated January, 2023. Available from: https:\/\/turkiye.un.org\/en\/sdgs\/3#:\u223c:text=Goal%203%20Targets&text=3.4%20By%202030%2C%20reduce%20by,and%20harmful%20use%20of%20alcohol."},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref042","unstructured":"Hospital BNRM. Butabika National Referral Mental Hospital 2019 [Available from: https:\/\/www.butabikahospital.go.ug\/about-us."},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref043","unstructured":"Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5\u00ae): American Psychiatric Pub; 2013."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314402.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-7610.00315","article-title":"Assessing exposure to violence in urban youth","volume":"39","author":"MB Selner-O\u2019Hagan","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines"},{"journal-title":"Project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods (PHDCN): Depression, wave 3, 2000\u20132002: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research","year":"2007","author":"FJ Earls","key":"pone.0314402.ref045"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314402.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.24248\/eahrj.v3i2.609","article-title":"Violence against women in Tanzania and its association with health-care utilisation and out-of-pocket payments: an analysis of the 2015 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey","volume":"3","author":"S. Vyas","year":"2019","journal-title":"The East African Health Research Journal"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kish L. Survey sampling. new york: John wesley & sons. Am Polit Sci Rev. 1965;59(4):1025.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055400132113"},{"journal-title":"A-priori sample size calculator for structural equation models","year":"2015","author":"DS Soper","key":"pone.0314402.ref048"},{"issue":"47","key":"pone.0314402.ref049","first-page":"1097","article-title":"Antiretroviral therapy enrollment characteristics and outcomes among HIV-infected adolescents and young adults compared with older adults\u2014seven African countries, 2004\u20132013","volume":"63","author":"AF Auld","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref050","unstructured":"Crime UNOoDa. Victimization survey in Uganda: UNODC; 2008 [updated December 1, 2008 August 23, 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/data-and-analysis\/dfa\/Victimization_survey_Uganda.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2011.01749.x","article-title":"Victimization in individuals suffering from psychosis: a Swedish cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"19","author":"A BENGTSSON\u2010TOPS","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref052","unstructured":"National Population Commission of Nigeria UN, US Centers for Disease Control, Prevention. Violence against children in Nigeria: Findings from a National Survey, 2014. UNICEF Abuja, Nigeria; 2016."},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2023.02.006","article-title":"Sexual assault in the inpatient psychiatric setting","volume":"82","author":"H Betterly","year":"2023","journal-title":"General hospital psychiatry"},{"journal-title":"No longer silent: A study of women\u2019s help-seeking decisions and service responses to sexual assault","year":"2005","author":"Australian Institute of Criminology Canberra","key":"pone.0314402.ref054"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0314402.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513518842","article-title":"Factors affecting initial intimate partner violence\u2013specific health care seeking in the Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan","volume":"29","author":"A Kamimura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0314402.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-1165.1000124","article-title":"Stigma of victims of sexual violence\u2019s in armed conflicts: Another factor in the spread of the HIV epidemic","volume":"3","author":"O Jean Claude","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiol Open Access"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314402.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2014.867563","article-title":"Victims\u2019 psychosocial well-being after reporting sexual harassment in the military","volume":"15","author":"ME Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma & Dissociation"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref058","unstructured":"Klaus PA. Crimes against persons age 65 or older, 1992\u201397: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs,[Bureau of Justice \u2026; 2000."},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref059","article-title":"Violent victimization and offending: Individual-, situational-, and community-level risk factors","volume":"3","author":"RJ Sampson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Understanding and preventing violence"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0314402.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00395.x","article-title":"Social negativity and health: Conceptual and measurement issues","volume":"5","author":"KP Brooks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407510391362","article-title":"Better with age: Social relationships across adulthood","volume":"28","author":"G Luong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of social and personal relationships"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/089124301015001005","article-title":"Vulnerability and dangerousness: The construction of gender through conversation about violence","volume":"15","author":"JA Hollander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gender & society"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00954.x","article-title":"Mental disorder and violent victimization: the mediating role of involvement in conflicted social relationships","volume":"40","author":"E. Silver","year":"2002","journal-title":"Criminology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0314402.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-60832013000500002","article-title":"Physical violence against patients with mental disorders in Brazil: sex differences in a cross-sectional study","volume":"40","author":"HNd Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Psychiatry (S\u00e3o Paulo)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0314402.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-011-0463-8","article-title":"Factors associated with self-report of sexual violence against men and women with mental disorders in Brazil","volume":"47","author":"HN de Oliveira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314402.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.2.153","article-title":"Perpetration of violence, violent victimization, and severe mental illness: balancing public health concerns","volume":"59","author":"JY Choe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref067","article-title":"Factors which predict violence victimization in Uganda","volume":"19","author":"L. Fry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pan African medical journal"},{"key":"pone.0314402.ref068","unstructured":"Council VMIA. Zero Tolerance for Sexual Assault: A safe admission for women. Victoria: VMIC Available at http:\/\/www.daru.org.au\/wp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/Zero-Tolerance-for-Sexual-Assult_VMIAC.pdf. 2013."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0314402.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000038","article-title":"Addressing sexual violence in psychiatric facilities","volume":"71","author":"B. Barnett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatric services"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314402.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1192\/S2056474000002129","article-title":"Mental healthcare in Uganda: desperate challenges but real opportunities","volume":"14","author":"A Molodynski","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJPsych international"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314402.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/jpm.12080","article-title":"Sexual behaviours on acute inpatient psychiatric units","volume":"21","author":"L Bowers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0314402.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301056","article-title":"Mental illness stigma, help seeking, and public health programs","volume":"103","author":"C Henderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0314402.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-1017-0","article-title":"Community Interventions to Promote Mental Health and Social Equity","volume":"21","author":"EG Castillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314402.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20940","article-title":"Community-based social interventions for people with severe mental illness: a systematic review and narrative synthesis of recent evidence","volume":"21","author":"H Killaspy","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314402","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]],"date-time":"2024-12-02T18:33:51Z","timestamp":1733164431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314402"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"De Luca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314402","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,2]]}}}