{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T14:57:43Z","timestamp":1778597863499,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ec409\/5-1\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ec409\/5-1\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Ec409\/1-4\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ec409\/1-4\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DO1247\/21-1\/"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DO1247\/21-1\/"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec030\">\n<jats:title>\nIntroduction\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite its importance in voice training, comprehensive research into sustained vowel phonation with constant pitch and increasing and decreasing loudness, the so-called Messa di Voce, is lacking. The study examines the laryngeal behavior during Messa di Voce, regarding the impact of the speed of execution on voice stability parameters.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec031\">\n<jats:title>\nMaterials and methods\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Nine untrained, healthy subjects (5 female, 4 male) were asked to perform Messa di Voce exercises on the vowel [i:], involving a gradual increase and decrease of volume. During the first task, each phase should take 3\u2009s, whereas in the second task, each phase should take 1\u2009s. Female subjects sang pitch B3 (fundamental frequency <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> \u2248 247 Hz), and male subjects pitch B2 (<jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> \u2248 124 Hz). Throughout phonation, synchronous recordings were captured through high-speed videolaryngoscopy (HSV), electroglottography, and audio signals. Subsequently, the Glottal Area Waveform was extracted from the HSV data. The tasks\u2019 duration and calculated parameters (including, e.g., Open Quotient (OQ), Closing Quotient (ClQ), Relative Average Perturbation (RAP)), excluding parts of the signal with stationary sound pressure level (SPL), were analyzed with correlation analysis and statistical analysis (Analysis of Variance and subsequent multiple comparisons).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec032\">\n<jats:title>\nResults\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Subjects shortened the requested task length by factor \u2248 0.5. The <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> remained almost stable for most subjects and tasks. There were strong negative correlations between SPL and both OQ and ClQ. The median RAP appears to decrease towards the SPL apex and then increase again. Statistical effects were shown especially for females during the fast task, which may be due to raised SPL.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec033\">\n<jats:title>\nConclusion\n<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There was no specific effect on stability found corresponding to the task\u2019s speed. Also, no major vocal instabilities at a specific sound pressure level were apparent, indicating no transitions as they exist for <jats:italic>f<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>o<\/jats:sub> regions with registration events.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T18:51:58Z","timestamp":1738263118000},"page":"e0314457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Influence of Messa di Voce speed on vocal stability of untrained, healthy subjects"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6024-183X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jonas","family":"Kirsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5827-0781","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marie","family":"K\u00f6berlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2717-4820","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael","family":"D\u00f6llinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0095-5360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matthias","family":"Echternach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314457.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1121\/1.395910","article-title":"The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds","volume":"83","author":"IR Titze","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pone.0314457.ref002","volume-title":"The Science of the singing voiceNorthern Illinois University Press","author":"J Sundberg","year":"1987"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314457.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3595","DOI":"10.1121\/10.0022582","article-title":"Dynamic changes of vocal tract dimensions with sound pressure level during messa di vocea)","volume":"154","author":"F Burk","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314457.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918503","article-title":"Loudness, sound pressure, and subglottal pressure in speech","volume":"35","author":"P Ladefoged","year":"1963","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314457.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1159\/000263170","article-title":"Vocal intensity, subglottic pressure and air flow relationships in singers","volume":"19","author":"HJ Rubin","year":"1967","journal-title":"Folia Phoniatr (Basel)"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314457.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1332380","article-title":"Three-dimensional vocal tract imaging and formant structure: varying vocal register, pitch, and loudness","volume":"109","author":"K Tom","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"pone.0314457.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110873429","article-title":"Acoustic theory of speech production","volume-title":"With calculations based on X-ray studies of Russian Articulations","author":"G Fant","year":"1971"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314457.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(05)80295-4","article-title":"Comparison of maximum flow declination rate: children versus adults","volume":"8","author":"CM Sapienza","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Voice"},{"key":"pone.0314457.ref009","article-title":"Variation of voice quality features and aspects of voice training in males and females","author":"AM Sulter","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314457.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-1997(01)00050-9","article-title":"Vocal intensity characteristics in normal and elderly speakers","volume":"15","author":"FS Hodge","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Voice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314457.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1968.tb56761.x","article-title":"Mechanisms generating subglottic pressure","volume":"155","author":"J Mead","year":"1968","journal-title":"Ann N.Y. 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