{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:38:30Z","timestamp":1785839910366,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005286","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Mato Grosso","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["568258\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["568258\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005286","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["140677\/2021-6)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140677\/2021-6)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many countries widely use pesticides to increase crop productivity in agriculture. However, their excessive and indiscriminate use contaminates soil and other environments and affects edaphic microbial communities. We aimed to examine how the pesticides carbofuran and picloram affect the structure and functionality of soil microbiota using cultivation-independent methods. Total DNA was extracted from microcosms (treated or not with pesticides) for amplification and metabarcoding sequencing for bacteria (16S gene) and fungi (28S gene) using Illumina\u2014MiSeq platform. Data analysis resulted in 6,772,547 valid reads from the sequencing, including 3,450,815 amplicon sequences from the V3-V4 regions of the 16S gene and 3,321,732 sequences from the 28S gene. A total of 118 archaea, 6,931 bacteria, and 1,673 fungi taxonomic operating units were annotated with 97% identity in 24 soil samples. The most abundant phyla were <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Actinobacteria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Acidobacteria<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Chloroflexi<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Euryarchaeaota<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Ascomycota<\/jats:italic>. The pesticides reduced the diversity and richness and altered the composition of soil microbial communities and the ecological interactions among them. Picloram exerted the strongest influence. Metabarcoding data analysis from soil microorganisms identified metabolic functions involved in resistance and degradation of contaminants, such as glutathione S-transferase. The results provided evidence that carbofuran and picloram shaped the soil microbial community. Future investigations are required to unravel the mechanisms by which soil microorganisms degrade pesticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T19:04:36Z","timestamp":1732647876000},"page":"e0314492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The pesticides carbofuran and picloram alter the diversity and abundance of soil microbial communities"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jaqueline","family":"Alves Senabio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Correia da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7062-5936","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Guariz Pinheiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Gomes de Vasconcelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8938-3188","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marcos Ant\u00f4nio","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0314492.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.127419","article-title":"Carbofuran toxicity and its microbial degradation in contaminated environments.","author":"S Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0314492.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.123672","article-title":"Temperature-enabled reversible \u201cOn\/Off\u201d switch-like hazardous herbicide picloram voltammetric sensor in agricultural and environmental samples based on thermo-responsive PVCL-tethered MWCNT@ Au catalyst.","volume":"402","author":"B Mutharani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314492.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8030318","article-title":"Pesticides decrease bacterial diversity and abundance of irrigated rice fields","volume":"8","author":"M Onwona-Kwakye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0314492.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24368","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2511-3","article-title":"Herbicides in river water across the northeastern Italy: occurrence and spatial patterns of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate ammonium.","volume":"25","author":"M Masiol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"pone.0314492.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.09.160","article-title":"Response of microbial communities to different organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) contamination levels in contaminated soils.","volume":"215","author":"G Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0314492.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.04.167","article-title":"Environmental monitoring and risk assessment of organophosphate pesticides in aquatic ecosystems of north-west Bangladesh","volume":"206","author":"KA Sumon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0314492.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109138","article-title":"Chen S New insights into the microbial degradation and catalytic mechanism of synthetic pyrethroids","volume":"182","author":"H Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. 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