{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T15:33:40Z","timestamp":1769096020045,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011094","name":"Public Health Agency of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021-HQ-000134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-HQ-000134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011094","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC-2020-00171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC-2020-00171"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001804","name":"Canada Research Chairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRC-2022-00103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRC-2022-00103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001804","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Since the onset of the global COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, numerous studies have been conducted worldwide to understand our immune response to the virus and to vaccination. This study investigates the humoral response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection and by vaccination in the poorly studied population of food and retail workers. These occupations were classified as essential by the Public Health Agency of Canada, potentially placing this population at greater risk of infection. Such a risk requires access to reliable and adaptable serological assays that can be rapidly deployed to guide public health strategies. Here we investigate the benefits and limitations of applying adaptable, decentralized tests for population-level immune surveillance in response to a pandemic, even before centralized testing is available.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The 1.5-year study period spans from early 2021, when vaccination became available in this region, to mid-2022, following the emergence of the first Omicron variants. The cohort of 304 food and retail workers was recruited in the Qu\u00e9bec City area. Participants attended five evenly spaced visits, providing blood samples as well as information on SARS-CoV-2 symptoms or risk factors, prior antigen or PCR test results and vaccination status, as well as work-related risk factors and protective measures. Parallel COVID-19 serological assays were performed using both a standardized chemiluminescent ELISA assay at the centralized platform operated in partnership with the Public Health Agency of Canada, and a semi-automated in-house colorimetric ELISA assay developed at our decentralized site. The YES\/NO determination of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine seroconversion and\/or infection events using the SARS-CoV-2 ancestral spike protein and nucleocapsid protein validated coherence of the centralized and decentralized assays. The flexibility of the decentralized assays allowed broadening the study to determine cross-reactivity of IgG directed against the spike protein of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron VOCs, and IgM directed against the ancestral spike and nucleocapsid proteins. The nature of the data obtained in the decentralized assays allowed treatment with a recently developed mathematical transformation to obtain normal distribution, enabling ANOVA-Welsh statistical analysis. Although no significant differences were observed in humoral response as related to BMI, age, level of education, or chronic illnesses in this cohort of workers, statistically higher levels of vaccine-induced antibodies were observed for restaurant workers and hardware store workers in the early stages of the study, compared to workers in bars and grocery stores and in non-smokers versus smokers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This work highlights the importance of developing adaptable, decentralized tests for population-level immune surveillance in response to a pandemic, even before centralized testing is available. To our knowledge, no other study has reported such an extensive longitudinal investigation during key periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in a cohort of food and retail workers to analyze two types of immunoglobulin, three epitopes and antigens to three VOC. This study will inform strategies and measures to be implemented in the event of a future pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T18:25:54Z","timestamp":1734373554000},"page":"e0314499","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Longitudinal determination of seroprevalence and immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in a population of food and retail workers through decentralized testing and transformation of ELISA datasets"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Abdelhadi","family":"Dja\u00efleb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megan-Faye","family":"Parker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00c9tienne","family":"Lavall\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Stuible","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Durocher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Th\u00e9riault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Santerre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Boudreau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean-Francois","family":"Masson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marc-Andr\u00e9","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvie","family":"Trottier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3756-3782","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniela","family":"Quaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2934-6940","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Joelle N.","family":"Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0314499.ref001","first-page":"157","article-title":"WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic","volume":"91","author":"D Cucinotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Bio Medica Atenei Parm"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2020.07.011","article-title":"The outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A review of the current global status","volume":"13","author":"M Bchetnia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0332-0","article-title":"Outbreak of a novel coronavirus","volume":"18","author":"A. Du Toit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref004","unstructured":"Qu\u00e9bec I de la statistique du. Population of Qu\u00e9bec, July 1, 1971\u20132022 (in French only). In: Institut de la Statistique du Qu\u00e9bec [Internet]. [cited 3 May 2023]. https:\/\/statistique.quebec.ca\/en\/produit\/tableau\/population-of-quebec"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref005","unstructured":"Les variants du SRAS-CoV-2. In: INSPQ [Internet]. [cited 3 May 2023]. https:\/\/www.inspq.qc.ca\/covid-19\/labo\/variants"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref006","article-title":"Patterns and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in Chicago to monitor COVID-19 exposure","author":"AR Demonbreun","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.063","article-title":"Evidence for antibody as a protective correlate for COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"39","author":"KA Earle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref008","first-page":"e01784","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Spike-Binding Antibody Longevity and Protection from Reinfection with Antigenically Similar SARS-CoV-2 Variants","volume":"13","author":"PARIS Study Team","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref009","article-title":"Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with protection against reinfection","author":"SF Lumley","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3337","article-title":"Dynamics and Correlation Among Viral Positivity, Seroconversion, and Disease Severity in COVID-19: A Retrospective Study","volume":"174","author":"Y Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref011","article-title":"Dynamics of IgG seroconversion and pathophysiology of COVID-19 infections","author":"HM Staines","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.10.051","article-title":"Quick COVID-19 Healers Sustain Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Production","volume":"183","author":"Y Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048970","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti\u2010SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 antibodies in COVID\u201019 patients and healthy volunteers up to 6 months post disease onset","volume":"50","author":"P Figueiredo\u2010Campos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06208-2","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of SARS-CoV-2 IgG seroconversionamong front-line healthcare workers during the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic at a tertiary-care hospital in Chile","volume":"21","author":"M Iruretagoyena","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1849787","article-title":"Low rate of COVID-19 seroconversion in health-care workers at a Department of Infectious Diseases in Sweden during the later phase of the first wave; a prospective longitudinal seroepidemiological study","volume":"53","author":"M Rashid-Abdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3188","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103188","article-title":"Persistence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Convalescent Health Care Workers","volume":"9","author":"M Bruni","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11101527","article-title":"Determinants of Anti-S Immune Response at 12 Months after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in a Multicentric European Cohort of Healthcare Workers\u2014ORCHESTRA Project","volume":"11","author":"L Leomanni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref018","first-page":"e068632","article-title":"Efficacy of covid-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"376","author":"ARYB Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.06.002","article-title":"Seroconversion rates following COVID-19 vaccination among patients with cancer","volume":"39","author":"A Thakkar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13188","article-title":"Qualitative assessment of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein immunogenicity (QUASI) after COVID-19 vaccination in older people living with HIV","volume":"23","author":"JJ Tuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2006.00783.x","article-title":"Longitudinal profile of antibodies against SARS-coronavirus in SARS patients and their clinical significance","volume":"11","author":"H Mo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu081","article-title":"A comprehensive, high-resolution map of a gene\u2019s fitness landscape","volume":"31","author":"E Firnberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2021.104765","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of IgG anti-nucleocapsid antibodies in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients up to eight months after infection","volume":"136","author":"J Van Elslande","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e166","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00012-5","article-title":"Real-world serological responses to extended-interval and heterologous COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in frail, older people (UNCoVER): an interim report from a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"3","author":"DC Vinh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020164","article-title":"COVID-19 Vaccination in Cancer Patients Older Than 70 Years Undergoing Active Treatment. Seroconversion Rate and Safety","volume":"10","author":"L Cavanna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127145","article-title":"Longitudinal survey of humoral and cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children","volume":"264","author":"A Ruedas-L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Res"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E357","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20220026","article-title":"Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from unvaccinated asymptomatic and symptomatic household members with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: an antibody-surveillance study","volume":"10","author":"M Bhatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"CMAJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e221313","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.1313","article-title":"Comparison of Seroconversion in Children and Adults With Mild COVID-19","volume":"5","author":"ZQ Toh","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5777","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27106","article-title":"Does the COVID\u201019 seroconversion in older adults resemble the young?","volume":"93","author":"R Bag Soytas","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2020-106774","article-title":"Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA","volume":"78","author":"F-Y Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23796-4","article-title":"Large variation in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody prevalence among essential workers in Geneva, Switzerland","volume":"12","author":"S Stringhini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref032","first-page":"2001884","article-title":"Occupation- and age-associated risk of SARS-CoV-2 test positivity, the Netherlands, June to October 2020","volume":"25","author":"B de Gier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill Bull Eur Sur Mal Transm Eur Commun Dis Bull"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2609.202272","article-title":"Clusters of Coronavirus Disease in Communities, Japan, January-April 2020","volume":"26","author":"Y Furuse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiab200","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Following the Largest Initial Epidemic Wave in the United States: Findings From New York City, 13 May to 21 July 2020","volume":"224","author":"P Pathela","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref035","unstructured":"Canada PS. Archived\u2014Guidance on Essential Services and Functions in Canada During the COVID-19 Pandemic. 2 Apr 2020 [cited 3 May 2023]. https:\/\/www.publicsafety.gc.ca\/cnt\/ntnl-scrt\/crtcl-nfrstrctr\/esf-sfe-en.aspx#"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1380","DOI":"10.1002\/cti2.1380","article-title":"A scalable serology solution for profiling humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination","volume":"11","author":"K Colwill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052424","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1052424","article-title":"Assessment of the longitudinal humoral response in non-hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-positive individuals at decentralized sites: Outcomes and concordance","volume":"13","author":"A Dja\u00efleb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-022-01804-3","article-title":"Non-linear transformation of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) measurements allows usage of linear models for data analysis","volume":"19","author":"TM Lange","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref039","article-title":"Cohort Profile: Prospective Cohort to Study the COVID-19 Immune Response in Retail Workers in Qu\u00e9bec, Canada (CISACOV)","author":"Kim Santerre","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref040","first-page":"15353702231157941","article-title":"Heterogeneity of humoral response patterns in mildly symptomatic, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients: A one-year longitudinal study","author":"LA Andrade","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.09.021","article-title":"Vaccine-induced seroconversion in participants in the North Carolina COVID-19 community Research Partnership","volume":"40","author":"DJ Friedman-Klabanoff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10091815","article-title":"Longitudinal Analysis and Comparison of Six Serological Assays up to Eight Months Post-COVID-19 Diagnosis","volume":"10","author":"A Aubry","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref043","first-page":"100185","article-title":"Public health guideline compliance and perceived government effectiveness during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada: Findings from a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"9","author":"EE Levitt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health\u2014Am"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref044","unstructured":"Labonne S. Tools & Information for Researchers. In: COVID-19 Immunity Task Force [Internet]. [cited 19 Sep 2023]. https:\/\/www.covid19immunitytaskforce.ca\/task-force-research-2\/"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref045","unstructured":"Pelletier JN. COVID-ELISA_data\/article_data.xlsx at main \u00b7 JoelleNPelletier-Lab\/COVID-ELISA_data. In: GitHub [Internet]. [cited 21 Oct 2024]. https:\/\/github.com\/JoelleNPelletier-Lab\/COVID-ELISA_data\/blob\/main\/article_data.xlsx"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref046","article-title":"Mucosal versus systemic antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in COVID-19 patients","author":"B Isho","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2020.12.005","article-title":"Rapid, high-yield production of full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain by transient gene expression in CHO cells","volume":"326","author":"M Stuible","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmeasuresciau.2c00050","article-title":"Production and Characterization of a SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Reference Material","volume":"2","author":"BB Stocks","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Meas Sci Au"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.1039\/D1AN00893E","article-title":"Cross-validation of ELISA and a portable surface plasmon resonance instrument for IgG antibody serology with SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals","volume":"146","author":"A Djaileb","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Analyst"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e100","DOI":"10.1002\/cpmc.100","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Seroconversion in Humans: A Detailed Protocol for a Serological Assay, Antigen Production, and Test Setup","volume":"57","author":"D Stadlbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2020.100126","article-title":"Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Humoral Responses against SARS-CoV-2 Spike","volume":"1","author":"J Pr\u00e9vost","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020008367","article-title":"Waning of SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies in longitudinal convalescent plasma samples within 4 months after symptom onset","volume":"136","author":"J Perreault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref053","unstructured":"Canada PHA of. Demographics: COVID-19 vaccination coverage in Canada\u2014Canada.ca. In: aem [Internet]. 15 Jan 2021 [cited 9 Aug 2023]. https:\/\/health-infobase.canada.ca\/covid-19\/vaccination-coverage\/#a2"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref054","unstructured":"Ligne du temps COVID-19 au Qu\u00e9bec | INSPQ. In: Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec [Internet]. 5 Oct 2022 [cited 9 Aug 2023]. https:\/\/www.inspq.qc.ca\/covid-19\/donnees\/ligne-du-temps"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10020091","article-title":"One Year of SARS-CoV-2: How Much Has the Virus Changed?","volume":"10","author":"S Vilar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1030","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.230249","article-title":"The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in Canada: a time-series study, 2020\u20132023","volume":"195","author":"Tanya J. Murphy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa310","article-title":"Profiling Early Humoral Response to Diagnose Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)","volume":"71","author":"L Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610688","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.610688","article-title":"Humoral Responses and Serological Assays in SARS-CoV-2 Infections","volume":"11","author":"Y Galipeau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108790","article-title":"Major role of IgM in the neutralizing activity of convalescent plasma against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"34","author":"R Gasser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1039\/D2SD00073C","article-title":"SERS-based assay for multiplexed detection of cross-reactivity and persistence of antibodies against the spike of the native, P.1 and B.1.617.2 SARS-CoV-2 in non-hospitalised adults","volume":"1","author":"M Chisanga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sens Diagn"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21601","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00844-z","article-title":"Cross-reactivity of antibodies from non-hospitalized COVID-19 positive individuals against the native, B.1.351, B.1.617.2, and P.1 SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins","volume":"11","author":"M Hojjat Jodaylami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq1841","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq1841","article-title":"Immune boosting by B.1.1.529 (Omicron) depends on previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure","volume":"377","author":"CJ Reynolds","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00746-0","article-title":"Why hybrid immunity is so triggering","volume":"22","author":"Diseases TLI","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10111813","article-title":"Slower Waning of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG Levels Six Months after the Booster Dose Compared to Primary Vaccination","volume":"10","author":"S Zember","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071086","article-title":"Three Separate Spike Antigen Exposures by COVID-19 Vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 Infection Elicit Strong Humoral Immune Responses in Healthcare Workers","volume":"10","author":"TT Brehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref066","unstructured":"Efficacit\u00e9 de deux doses de vaccin contre la COVID-19 au Qu\u00e9bec | INSPQ. In: Institut national de sant\u00e9 publique du Qu\u00e9bec [Internet]. [cited 4 Aug 2023]. https:\/\/www.inspq.qc.ca\/nouvelles\/efficacite-deux-doses-vaccin-contre-covid-19-quebec"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10163","DOI":"10.1002\/mds3.10163","article-title":"How effective is a mask in preventing COVID\u201019 infection?","volume":"4","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Devices Sens"},{"key":"pone.0314499.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020303","article-title":"The Effect of Smoking on Humoral Response to COVID-19 Vaccines: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies","volume":"10","author":"P Ferrara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccines"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314499","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T18:26:11Z","timestamp":1734373571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314499"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Ramos-Casta\u00f1eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314499","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]}}}