{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T22:26:16Z","timestamp":1746829576953,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1210340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1210340"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cAppui \u00e0 la Formation, la Recherche et \u00e0 l\u2019Innovation pour le D\u00e9veloppement Intra-Afrique\u201d (AFRIDI) fellowship under Intra-Africa Academic Mobility Scheme of the European Union","award":["2022-2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-2023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malaria and <jats:italic>Aede<\/jats:italic>s-borne diseases remain major causes of mortality, morbidity, and disability in most developing countries. Surveillance of transmission patterns associated with vector control remains strategic for combating these diseases. Due to the limitions of current surveillance tools used to assess human exposure to mosquito bites, human antibody (Ab) responses to salivary peptides from <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> (gSG6-P1) and <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> (Nterm-34kDa) are increasingly being used to measure direct human-<jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> contact. This study reports on the assessment of Human IgG Ab responses to gSG6-P1 and Nterm\u201334-kDa salivary peptides as biomarkers to track exposure to <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> bites, in rural localities of Cameroon. Blood samples were collected between October and November 2022 from 173 individuals residing in four villages: Njombe, Kekem, Belabo, and Ouami. Sociodemographic characteristics and information regarding Long Lasting Insecticide Net (LLIN) ownership, use, and net characteristics were recorded using a questionnaire. The measurement of human IgG levels to gSG6-P1 and Nterm-34kDa peptides was conducted in blood samples using ELISA. The levels of IgG responses to <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> gSG6-P1 and <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> Nterm-34kDa salivary peptides varied significantly across villages (all p&lt;0.05). IgG responses to <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> gSG6-P1 were higher in Njombe compared to Belabo and Ouami (all p&lt;0.01), while IgG responses to <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> Nterm-34kDa were higher in Kekem compared to the other villages (all p&lt;0.0001). Aweak correlation was observed between IgG responses to <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> salivary peptides (Spearman r = 0.2689, p = 0.0003). However, the median level of IgG to <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> gSG6-P1 was higher than IgG to <jats:italic>Aedes<\/jats:italic> Nterm-34kDa in Njomb\u00e9, Belabo, and Ouami. Individuals not using their LLIN, those using damaged bed nets, and those who reported vegetation around their houses developed higher IgG responses to gSG6-P1 and Nterm\u201334 kDa compared to those who did not (all p&lt;0.05). The immune-epidemiological biomarkers have shown promising potential as indicators for monitoring human exposure to various mosquito bites and their heterogeneity in the same site. However, additional research is needed to validate the efficacy of this technique for surveillance purposes and to assess the effectiveness of vector control interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T19:16:04Z","timestamp":1733426164000},"page":"e0314709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of human exposure to Anopheles and Aedes bites using antibody-based biomarkers in rural zone of Cameroon"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9578-6365","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Idriss Nasser","family":"Ngangue-Siewe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paulette","family":"Ndjeunia-Mbiakop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8586-792X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Barembaye Sagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdoul-Aziz","family":"Mamadou Ma\u00efga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roland","family":"Bamou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Sanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeannette","family":"Tombi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean Arthur","family":"Mbida Mbida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Antonio-Nkondjio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franck","family":"Remoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanase","family":"Badolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"World malaria report 2023","author":"Organization. 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