{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T02:06:17Z","timestamp":1771293977655,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740528000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004612","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Arauc\u00e1ria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FA #060\/2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FA #060\/2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec012\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objective was to evaluate the early-stage immunoexpression of markers (COX-2, NF-kB, VEGFR-1 and apoptotic index) related to inflammation, angiogenesis, and cell survival in the tongue dorsum epithelium of mice exposed to hookah smoke.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec013\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The sample consisted of Swiss mice (N\u2009=\u200920), female gender, aged 2 months, and approximately 25g each, four groups (n\u2009=\u20095) mice: group exposed to fresh air and groups exposed to hookah smoke for 7, 15, and 30 days. Tongues were embedded in paraffin. A tissue microarray was constructed, and immunohistochemistry was performed for Cyclooxygenase 2, NF-kappa B, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) for apoptotic analysis. The positive and negative cells were quantified in the epithelium of the mid-dorsal tongue region. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests was made.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec014\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The apoptotic index was higher at 30 days of smoke exposure (20.38% basal\/ 19.63%\/ suprabasal) compared to the group exposed to air (9.55%\/ 11.88%), The expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1 was higher at 30 days of smoke exposure (30.15%\/ 38.15%) compared to the group exposed to air (18.25%\/ 3.60%).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec015\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hookah smoke induced greater apoptosis and increased expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1 in the epithelium of the tongue at 30 days, potentially playing a role in the initial stages of carcinogenesis, in the early stages of hookah use.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,26]],"date-time":"2025-02-26T18:35:32Z","timestamp":1740594932000},"page":"e0314794","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Early-stage immunoexpression of inflammatory, angiogenic, and survival markers in tongue epithelium of mice exposed to hookah smoke"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3412-1436","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aldini Beuting","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arieli Carini","family":"Michels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah Freygang 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