{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T02:12:21Z","timestamp":1789265541634,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are a major global health threat, leading to higher morbidity and mortality, longer hospital stays, and increased healthcare expenses. Intensive care units (ICUs) present a particularly high risk of developing HAIs. This study aims to examine the risk factors of HAIs among healthcare workers (HCWs) in the ICUs of selected public hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We employed a cross-sectional design using an online survey. Respondents were randomly selected from seven large public hospitals located in different areas of Riyadh, the capital city of Saudi Arabia. Data collection was conducted between November 1st to 15th, 2023. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine previous exposure to HAIs as the response variable and selected predictors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 600 HCWs participated in the study (response rate 88.2%). Among the study HCWs, 75.1% were female, with nurses making up 50% of the sample. Of the respondents, 78% had at least a year\u2019s experience, 71% had applied infection prevention and control (IPC) training from the infection control department, and 93% reported they had good knowledge about infection control. The level of knowledge of IPC (OR = 0.9, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05) and applied IPC training (0.1, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001) were significantly associated with a lower risk of HAIs. Additionally, a higher risk of HAIs was associated with HCWs years of clinical experience (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall, the findings indicated that HCWs who have poor knowledge of IPC, who reported no previous IPC applied training, and who have more years of clinical work experience have a greater risk of HAIs. Thus, legislators and Health officials should prioritize the prevention of infections linked to healthcare, paying particular attention to tailored and applied IPC initiatives.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T18:33:30Z","timestamp":1734460410000},"page":"e0314796","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Risk factors of healthcare-associated infection among healthcare workers in intensive care units: A multicenter cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2800-4794","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Salah","family":"Alshagrawi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah","family":"Alhodaithy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9761","key":"pone.0314796.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61458-4","article-title":"Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"377","author":"Benedetta Allegranzi","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314796.ref002","first-page":"281","article-title":"Epidemiology of hospital-acquired infections in an adult intensive care unit: results of a prospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"A. Simonetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annali di igiene: medicina preventiva e di comunita"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref003","article-title":"Update on bacterial nosocomial infections","volume":"16.8","author":"W. 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Gordts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance of device associated infections and mortality in a major intensive care unit in the Republic of Cyprus","volume":"17","author":"Stelios Iordanou","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Complications and in-hospital mortality in trauma patients treated in ICUsin the United States, 2013.","volume":"3","author":"Meghan Prin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Injury epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314796.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.22452\/mjs.vol41no2.3","article-title":"a theoretical framework for improving hand hygiene compliance: A systematic review","volume":"41","author":"M. Motamed-Jahromi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Malaysian Journal of Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314796.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/1757177420973754","article-title":"Pattern, predictors and clustering of handwashing practices in India","volume":"22","author":"Manas Ranjan Pradhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Infection Prevention"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314796.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010112","article-title":"Incidence, microbiological profile and risk factors of HAIs in intensive care units: a 10 year observation in a provincial hospital in Southern Poland","volume":"15","author":"Ma\u0142gorzata Ko\u0142pa","year":"2018","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5113-0","article-title":"ECDC definitions and methods for the surveillance of HAIs in intensive care units","volume":"44","author":"Diamantis Plachouras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive care medicine"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sepideh Bagheri Nejad, and Didier Pittet. \"The Burden of Healthcare\u2010Associated Infection","author":"Benedetta Allegranzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hand hygiene: a handbook for medical professionals"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314796.ref015","first-page":"e53826","article-title":"Risk factors for HAIs in intensive care units","volume":"23","author":"Sin\u00e9sio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogitare Enferm"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0314796.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.9763","article-title":"Health care\u2013associated infections: a meta-analysis of costs and financial impact on the US health care system","volume":"173","author":"Eyal Zimlichman","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA internal medicine"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iccn.2022.103227","article-title":"HAIs in adult intensive care unit patients: Changes in epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and contributions of new technologies","volume":"70","author":"Stijn Blot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive and Critical Care Nursing"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref018","article-title":"Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2007"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314796.ref019","first-page":"79","article-title":"Sample size determination. Influencing factors and calculation strategies for survey research","volume":"8","author":"Ali A. Al-Subaihi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosciences Journal"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Infection prevention knowledge, practice, and its associated factors among healthcare providers in primary healthcare unit of Wogdie District, Northeast Ethiopia, 2019: a cross-sectional study.\"","volume":"9","author":"Jemal Assefa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-018-0314-0","article-title":"Assessment of knowledge and practices of healthcare workers towards infection prevention and associated factors in healthcare facilities of West Arsi District, Southeast Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study","volume":"76","author":"Geberemariyam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0314796.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2018.06.018","article-title":"Compliance of Middle Eastern hospitals with the central line associated bloodstream infection prevention guidelines","volume":"43","author":"Sami M. 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Jansson","year":"2016","journal-title":"American Journal of infection control"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314796.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idh.2020.05.005","article-title":"Characteristics of personal protective equipment training programs in Australia and New Zealand hospitals: a survey","volume":"25","author":"Ruth Barratt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection, disease & health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314796.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001840","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001840","article-title":"Maximizing the impact of training initiatives for health professionals in low-income countries: frameworks, challenges, and best practices","volume":"12","author":"Corrado Cancedda","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314796.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229.2012.655211","article-title":"Capacity building in global mental health: professional training","volume":"20","author":"Gregory L. 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