{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:50:11Z","timestamp":1777506611093,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007129","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ZR2022MH268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2022MH268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To understand the prevalence and associated risk factors of lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) in Chinese diabetic patients and to construct a risk prediction model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data from the Diabetes Complications Warning Dataset of the China National Population Health Science Data Center were used. Logistic regression analysis was employed to identify related factors, and machine learning algorithms were used to construct the risk prediction model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study population consisted of 3,000 patients, with 476 (15.9%) having LEAD. Multivariate regression analysis indicated that male gender, atherosclerosis, carotid artery stenosis, fatty liver, hematologic diseases, endocrine disorders, and elevated glycosylated serum proteins were independent risk factors for LEAD. The risk prediction models constructed using Logistic regression and MLP algorithms achieved moderate discrimination performance, with AUCs of 0.73 and 0.72, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our study identified the risk factors for LEAD in Chinese diabetic patients, and the constructed risk prediction model can aid in the diagnosis of LEAD.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T18:42:38Z","timestamp":1735584158000},"page":"e0314862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Risk factors and predictive model construction for lower extremity arterial disease in diabetic patients"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9014-4263","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yingjie","family":"Kuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunxu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314862.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2016.179","article-title":"Peripheral artery disease: epidemiology and global perspectives","volume":"14","author":"FGR Fowkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314862.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.002","article-title":"Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035","volume":"103","author":"L Guariguata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314862.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00281114","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease-chicken, egg or neither?","volume":"26","author":"RJ Jarrett","year":"1984","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314862.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.44.4.369","article-title":"Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The \u201ccommon soil\u201d hypothesis.","volume":"44","author":"MP Stern","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314862.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.09.028","article-title":"Association of Time in Range levels with Lower Extremity Arterial Disease in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"J Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0314862.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S151","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-S011","article-title":"11. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2021.","volume":"44","author":"American Diabetes Association.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314862.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0741-5214(97)70045-4","article-title":"Recommended standards for reports dealing with lower extremity ischemia: revised version","volume":"26","author":"RB Rutherford","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314862.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-018-0781-1","article-title":"Lower extremity arterial disease in patients with diabetes: a contemporary narrative review","volume":"17","author":"M Nativel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"issue":"2_suppl","key":"pone.0314862.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319880044","article-title":"Lower extremity artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.","volume":"26","author":"G Buso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol."},{"key":"pone.0314862.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.111079","article-title":"Risk factors for peripheral artery disease and diabetic peripheral neuropathy among patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"207","author":"T Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314862.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-097X.1991.tb00456.x","article-title":"The effect of cooling on toe systolic pressures in subjects with and without Raynaud\u2019s syndrome in the lower extremities.","volume":"11","author":"SA Carter","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314862.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.01.002","article-title":"Prevalence, trends and risk factors for the diabetes epidemic in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"H Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"25","key":"pone.0314862.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study","volume":"76","author":"GA Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314862.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2006.10.032","article-title":"Intrinsic contribution of gender and ethnicity to normal ankle-brachial index values: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).","volume":"45","author":"V Aboyans","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314862.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.19.2.132","article-title":"Gender and peripheral arterial disease.","volume":"19","author":"TC Collins","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med JABFM"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0314862.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0588","article-title":"Microvascular and Macrovascular Disease and Risk for Major Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.","volume":"39","author":"K Mohammedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314862.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01400-z","article-title":"Diabetic vascular diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.","volume":"8","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"43","key":"pone.0314862.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4528","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac448","article-title":"Panvascular medicine: an emerging discipline focusing on atherosclerotic diseases","volume":"43","author":"X Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0314862.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.19.2934","article-title":"Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam study","volume":"160","author":"WT Meijer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314862.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.88.3.837","article-title":"Ankle-arm index as a marker of atherosclerosis in the Cardiovascular Health Study.","volume":"88","author":"Cardiovascular Heart Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314862.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2017.10.010","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes.","volume":"47","author":"AV Haas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0314862.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.5.894","article-title":"UKPDS 59: hyperglycemia and other potentially modifiable risk factors for peripheral vascular disease in type 2 diabetes","volume":"25","author":"AI Adler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0314862.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2303","article-title":"Risk factors for incident peripheral arterial disease in type 2 diabetes: results from the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in type 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) Trial.","volume":"37","author":"AD Althouse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314862.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.03.06.dc05-1567","article-title":"Peripheral arterial disease and risk of cardiac death in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study","volume":"29","author":"PE Norman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0314862.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0588","article-title":"Microvascular and Macrovascular Disease and Risk for Major Peripheral Arterial Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes.","volume":"39","author":"K Mohammedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0314862.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8152","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27603","article-title":"Insulin resistance: Review of the underlying molecular mechanisms","volume":"234","author":"H Yaribeygi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0314862.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.08.015","article-title":"Insulin signaling to the glomerular podocyte is critical for normal kidney function","volume":"12","author":"GI Welsh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"7855","key":"pone.0314862.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","article-title":"The changing landscape of atherosclerosis","volume":"592","author":"P. Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314862.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05326-x","article-title":"Plasma concentrations of lipoproteins and risk of lower-limb peripheral artery disease in people with type 2 diabetes: the SURDIAGENE study","volume":"64","author":"C Bertrand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0314862.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.04.013","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and progression of peripheral arterial disease in Asian Indian type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"28","author":"J Eshcol","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Diabetes Complications"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0314862.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.V37N5p365","article-title":"Risk factor profile and treatment patterns of patients with atherothrombosis in Singapore: insight from the REACH Registry.","volume":"37","author":"TC Yeo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Acad Med Singapore"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0314862.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001005","article-title":"Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Contemporary Epidemiology, Management Gaps, and Future Directions: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"144","author":"MH Criqui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0314862.ref033","first-page":"e686","article-title":"2016 AHA\/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"135","author":"MD Gerhard-Herman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0314862.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2019.10.017","article-title":"Body mass index and peripheral artery disease","volume":"292","author":"SP Heffron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0314862.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00007","article-title":"Renal Insufficiency as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Outcomes and the Impact of Ramipril: The HOPE Randomized Trial","volume":"134","author":"JFE Mann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314862.ref036","first-page":"7","article-title":"Vascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease\u2014clinical management","volume":"53","author":"IA Checheri\u0163\u0103","year":"2012","journal-title":"Romanian J Morphol Embryol Rev Roum Morphol Embryol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0314862.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.10.141","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and hypertension","volume":"8","author":"S Stabouli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0314862.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:24:1:001","article-title":"Hypothyroidism as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease","volume":"24","author":"B Biondi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314862.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2020.101381","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome: Treatment and new therapeutic approaches","volume":"34","author":"A Ferriere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314862.ref040","first-page":"94","article-title":"Role and management of coagulation disorders in peripheral arterial disease","volume":"101","author":"R. Lassila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Surg SJS Off Organ Finn Surg Soc Scand Surg Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0314862.ref041","first-page":"CD005262","article-title":"Pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication.","volume":"9","author":"K Salhiyyah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"pone.0314862.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2019.00172","article-title":"Machine Learning for Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease in Cardiac CT: A Survey.","volume":"6","author":"N Hampe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"pone.0314862.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2015.09.012","article-title":"A new cluster-based oversampling method for improving survival prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma patients.","volume":"58","author":"MS Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314862.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e069437","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-069437","article-title":"Development and validation of a prediction model for the prolonged length of stay in Chinese patients with lower extremity atherosclerotic disease: a retrospective study.","volume":"13","author":"X Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0314862.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e24189","article-title":"Construction of a novel lower-extremity peripheral artery disease subtype prediction model using unsupervised machine learning and neutrophil-related biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"L Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0314862.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(00)00322-7","article-title":"Evaluating the predictive performance of habitat models developed using logistic regression.","volume":"133","author":"J Pearce","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ecol Model."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314862","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T18:42:51Z","timestamp":1735584171000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314862"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jincheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0314862","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]]}}}