{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:02:26Z","timestamp":1790280146438,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/V005847\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/V005847\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Microplastic (MP) pollution poses a global threat to urban and rural environments and can have negative effects on a range of organisms. Mosquito larvae often breed in water contaminated with MPs, and given their important role as disease vectors, understanding the effects of larval exposure to MPs is critical for understanding the potential impact on their life history traits and subsequent methods for their control. Here, we have exposed first instar larvae of\n                    <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    s.s. to environmentally realistic concentrations of PET microplastics (1.0\u20137.5 \u03bcm) and a sub-lethal dose of insecticide mixed with microplastics, and quantified survival, development, and susceptibility of larvae over six generations. Adult mosquitoes from larvae exposed to these treatments were subsequently tested for insecticide resistance. Exposure to MPs decreased larval survival rates compared to the control; however, over six generations of exposure, survival rates significantly increased. Similarly, there was a higher survival rate of those larvae exposed to MPs mixed with insecticide compared to those exposed to just the insecticide, and survival increased further over the six generations. For the adult mosquito susceptibility tests, knockdown times (KDTs) indicated some level of insecticide tolerance when larvae had been previously exposed to MPs and insecticides. This is the first study demonstrating the selection of insecticide tolerance in adult mosquitoes after consecutive generations of larval exposures to varying concentrations of MPs. Therefore, field-scale studies are now urgently required to quantify whether larval insecticides are less effective at controlling mosquitoes in breeding sites commonly polluted with MPs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T13:40:39Z","timestamp":1734010839000},"page":"e0315042","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Insecticide tolerance of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae following larval exposure to microplastics and insecticide"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Dativa J.","family":"Shilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6692-479X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Deokary Joseph","family":"Matiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyanda Laini","family":"Nyamandito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mgeni Mohamed","family":"Tambwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-4410","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Richard S.","family":"Quilliam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0315042.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12480","article-title":"Emerging threats and persistent conservation challenges for freshwater biodiversity","volume":"94","author":"AJ Reid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref002","volume-title":"Turning off the Tap: How the World can End Plastic Pollution and Create a Circular Economy","author":"UNEP","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e842","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(22)00198-X","article-title":"Plastic pollution and infectious diseases","volume":"6","author":"P-O Maquart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106630","article-title":"Effect of ecological factors and breeding habitat types on Culicine larvae occurrence and abundance in residential areas Southern Thailand","volume":"234","author":"W Ruairuen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00405","article-title":"Solid Wastes Provide Breeding Sites, Burrows, and Food for Biological Disease Vectors, and Urban Zoonotic Reservoirs: A Call to Action for Solutions-Based Research","volume":"7","author":"A Krystosik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70223-1","article-title":"Urbanisation and infectious diseases in a globalised world","volume":"11","author":"E Alirol","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2014.02.012","article-title":"Comparison of the distribution and degradation of plastic debris along shorelines of the Great Lakes, North America","volume":"40","author":"M Zbyszewski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Gt Lakes Res"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7636","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11736-6","article-title":"Plastic pollution threat in Africa: current status and implications for aquatic ecosystem health","volume":"28","author":"EO Akindele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.236","article-title":"Examining effects of ontogenic microplastic transference on Culex mosquito mortality and adult weight","volume":"651","author":"R Al-Jaibachi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cscee.2023.100536","article-title":"Microplastics in wastewaters and their potential effects on aquatic and terrestrial biota","volume":"8","author":"Z Qaiser","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud Chem Environ Eng"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.00152","article-title":"Microorganism-Based Larval Diets Affect Mosquito Development, Size and Nutritional Reserves in the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"10","author":"RS Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115639","article-title":"Microplastic pollution differentially affects development of disease-vectoring Aedes and Culex mosquitoes","volume":"267","author":"CD Griffin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170547","article-title":"Microplastics affect mosquito from aquatic to terrestrial lifestyles and are transferred to mammals through mosquito bites","volume":"917","author":"J Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133225","article-title":"Organic pollutants adsorbed on microplastics: Potential indicators for source appointment of microplastics","volume":"465","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.teac.2022.e00170","article-title":"Microplastics and associated emerging contaminants in the environment: Analysis, sorption mechanisms and effects of co-exposure","volume":"35","author":"J Mart\u00edn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Environ Anal Chem"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref016","first-page":"mve.12710","article-title":"A perspective on the impacts of microplastics on mosquito biology and their vectorial capacity","author":"CM Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.134452","article-title":"Polyamide microplastic exposure elicits rapid, strong and genome-wide evolutionary response in the freshwater non-biting midge Chironomus riparius","volume":"299","author":"A Khosrovyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.09.056","article-title":"Impact of micropollutants on the life-history traits of the mosquito Aedes aegypti: On the relevance of transgenerational studies","volume":"220","author":"SM Prud\u2019homme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.3390\/nano12132256","article-title":"Adsorption of Different Pollutants by Using Microplastic with Different Influencing Factors and Mechanisms in Wastewater: A Review","volume":"12","author":"M Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanomaterials"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142427","article-title":"Interactions between microplastics and organic pollutants: Effects on toxicity, bioaccumulation, degradation, and transport","volume":"748","author":"T Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101265","article-title":"Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment","volume":"14","author":"PJ Kole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11090782","article-title":"Toxicological Profile of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Microplastic in Ingested Drosophila melanogaster (Oregon R+) and Its Adverse Effect on Behavior and Development","volume":"11","author":"S Kauts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131289","article-title":"Effects of PET microplastics on the physiology of Drosophila","volume":"283","author":"J Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.871149","article-title":"Ingestion of Microplastic Fibres, But Not Microplastic Beads, Impacts Growth Rates in the Tropical House Cricket Gryllodes Sigillatus","volume":"13","author":"S Fudlosid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref025","unstructured":"WHO. Prequalified Vector Control Products | WHO\u2014Prequalification of Medical Products (IVDs, Medicines, Vaccines and Immunization Devices, Vector Control). 2023 [cited 29 Oct 2024]. Available: https:\/\/extranet.who.int\/prequal\/vector-control-products\/prequalified-product-list\/export"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116296","article-title":"Combined toxic effects of polyethylene microplastics and lambda-cyhalothrin on gut of zebrafish (Danio rerio)","volume":"276","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4066","DOI":"10.3390\/su16104066","article-title":"Combined Toxicity of Polystyrene Nanoplastics and Pyriproxyfen to Daphnia magna","volume":"16","author":"H-B Jia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref028","unstructured":"WHO C. World malaria report 2023. Geneva, Switzerland; 2023."},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref029","first-page":"63546","article-title":"Standard Membrane Feeding Assay for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Infection in Anopheles Mosquito Vectors","author":"E Erlank","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref030","volume-title":"Guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides","author":"WHO","year":"2005"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref031","volume-title":"Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vector mosquitoes","author":"WHO","year":"2016","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1080\/03610918.2015.1076470","article-title":"Residual plots for linear regression models with censored outcome data: A refined method for visualizing residual uncertainty","volume":"46","author":"M Law","year":"2017","journal-title":"Commun Stat\u2014Simul Comput"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.3505","article-title":"Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis: A Guide for Non-Statisticians","volume":"10","author":"A Ghasemi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.5132\/eec.2020.01.10","article-title":"Polyethylene microplastics are ingested and induce biochemical changes in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) freshwater insect larvae","volume":"15","author":"G Malafaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Contam"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad097","article-title":"Microplastic ingestion perturbs the microbiome of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes aegypti","volume":"60","author":"C-C Edwards","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.3390\/w14121852","article-title":"Ontogenetic Transfer of Microplastics in Bloodsucking Mosquitoes Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) Is a Potential Pathway for Particle Distribution in the Environment","volume":"14","author":"A Simakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjad014","article-title":"No Effect of Realistic Microplastic Exposure on Growth and Development of Wild-caught Culex (Diptera: Culicidae) Mosquitoes","volume":"60","author":"M Thormeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-27162-3","article-title":"Biochemical and physiological effects of multigenerational exposure to spheric polystyrene microplastics in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"30","author":"GC Soares","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.117462","article-title":"Altered gene expression in Chironomus riparius (insecta) in response to tire rubber and polystyrene microplastics","volume":"285","author":"V Carrasco-Navarro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.123111","article-title":"Gene expression analysis of Chironomus riparius in response to acute exposure to tire rubber microparticles and leachates","volume":"342","author":"P Caballero-Carretero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.128556","article-title":"Adsorption of three pesticides on polyethylene microplastics in aqueous solutions: Kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and molecular dynamics simulation","volume":"264","author":"H Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-023-1641-0","article-title":"Adsorption behavior of imidacloprid pesticide on polar microplastics under environmental conditions: critical role of photo-aging","volume":"17","author":"W Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci Eng"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19501","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99061-x","article-title":"Experimental evolution supports the potential of neonicotinoid-pyrethroid combination for managing insecticide resistance in malaria vectors","volume":"11","author":"MG Zoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04791-0","article-title":"The impact of agrochemical pollutant mixtures on the selection of insecticide resistance in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae: insights from experimental evolution and transcriptomics","volume":"23","author":"CG Sadia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2024.100172","article-title":"Is Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto), the principal malaria vector in Africa prone to resistance development against new insecticides? Outcomes from laboratory exposure of An. gambiae (s.s.) to sub-lethal concentrations of chlorfenapyr and clothianidin","volume":"5","author":"S Azizi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Res Parasitol Vector-Borne Dis"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s42690-020-00123-w","article-title":"Exposure of malaria vector larval habitats to domestic pollutants escalate insecticides resistance: experimental proof","volume":"40","author":"FD Shayo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Trop Insect Sci"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151049","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151049","article-title":"The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Longevity and Insecticide Resistance Phenotype of the Major Malaria Vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus","volume":"11","author":"SV Oliver","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309941","DOI":"10.3389\/finsc.2024.1309941","article-title":"Heat shock proteins, thermotolerance, and insecticide resistance in mosquitoes","volume":"4","author":"LK Mack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Insect Sci"},{"key":"pone.0315042.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15974.1","article-title":"Insecticide resistance selection and reversal in two strains of Aedes aegypti","volume":"5","author":"J Thornton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T13:41:13Z","timestamp":1734010873000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315042"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315042","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]}}}