{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T23:31:17Z","timestamp":1785713477238,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004892","name":"Agencia Espa\u00f1ola de Cooperaci\u00f3n Internacional para el Desarrollo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEX2018-000806-S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2018-000806-S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004892","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010552","name":"Departament de Salut, Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010552","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite growing evidence of reduced invasive and non-invasive pneumococcal disease attributed to public health measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, the effect of these measures on pneumococcal carriage remains unclear. This study aimed to assess pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage among children and adults self-confined at home during the COVID-19 national lockdown in Spain while identifying predictors of pneumococcal carriage in children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Household study conducted across the metropolitan area of Barcelona (Spain) between April-June 2020. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from young children and adults for real-time PCR pneumococcal <jats:italic>lytA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>wgz<\/jats:italic> gene detection, quantification, and serotyping, as well as for detection of respiratory viruses.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among 332 children (median age: 3.1 years [IQR: 1.9\u20134.0 years]; 59% male) and 278 adults (median age: 38.9 years [IQR: 36.1\u201341.3 years]; 64% female), pneumococcal carriage rates were 28.3% and 2.5%, respectively. Highly invasive serotypes 3, 7F\/7A, and 19A were detected in 14.0% of samples from children carriers. Pneumococcal co-infections with <jats:italic>respiratory syncytial virus<\/jats:italic> (RSV), <jats:italic>human metapneumovirus<\/jats:italic> (hMPV), and <jats:italic>influenza virus<\/jats:italic> (IV) were not identified in children. Attendance to kindergarten before the lockdown (aOR: 2.65; IQR: 1.57\u20134.47; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001) and household crowding (aOR: 1.85; IQR: 1.09\u20133.15; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02) were independent risk factors for children\u2019s pneumococcal carriage.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pneumococcal carriage rate among quarantined children during a full COVID-19 lockdown was moderate and correlated with limited presence of highly invasive serotypes and absence of pneumococcal co-infections with RSV, hMPV, and IV. Pre-lockdown daycare and household crowding predisposed children to carriage.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T18:50:55Z","timestamp":1733424655000},"page":"e0315081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage in children and adults self-confined at home during a COVID-19 national lockdown"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2399-7320","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pedro","family":"Brotons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9715-887X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Cisneros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaresh","family":"P\u00e9rez-Arg\u00fcello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desiree","family":"Henares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleix","family":"Lluans\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariona","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez de Sevilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Ciruela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Blanco-Fuertes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Launes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2041-4425","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iolanda","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0875-7596","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Quique","family":"Bassat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3483-528X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Garc\u00eda-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5586-404X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Carmen","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Almagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0315081.ref001","unstructured":"Update no. 671. 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