{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:16:32Z","timestamp":1773933392202,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Epistaxis is the most common acute disorder managed by ENT services. A 1998 survey (Strachan and England) demonstrated widespread ignorance of correct first aid amongst the public with only 11% of respondents applying correct first aid techniques. Here we repeated and expanded the 1998 study to investigate whether understanding of correct first aid in epistaxis amongst the public and emergency department staff has improved in the last 25 years.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Posters with links to surveys were displayed in ED waiting rooms, anticoagulation clinics and ED staff rooms in multiple UK centres. Responders were asked three first aid questions: pinch position, head position, and plugging nostrils. A prospective audit was carried out in a single centre over four weeks recording the first aid was being applied at the point of ENT review for patients referred with epistaxis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>129 members of public responded. 83% do not have correct first aid technique including 77% of those on anticoagulants or aspirin. 116 ED staff responded. 64% do not use correct first aid. Over four weeks 19 patients were referred to ENT with epistaxis and of these, nine were bleeding at the point of ENT review. Adequate first aid was not being applied in 56% of those cases.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite the morbidity of epistaxis, and the simplicity of first aid steps, there is concerning lack of understanding amongst the public and ED staff. Education (particularly for staff and the anticoagulated) may reduce emergency attendance in epistaxis patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T18:23:58Z","timestamp":1736965438000},"page":"e0315092","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring knowledge of first aid in epistaxis\u201425 years on"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8711-7505","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henry","family":"Dunne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Abouabdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Roscamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Birks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kate","family":"Mcgibbon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Dewhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Strachan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rishi","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315092.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215117002018","article-title":"The British Rhinological Society multidisciplinary consensus recommendations on the hospital management of epistaxis","volume":"131","author":"M Ellis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Laryngology and Otology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315092.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221511700202X","article-title":"Epistaxis 2016: National audit of management","volume":"131","author":"R Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Laryngol Otol"},{"key":"pone.0315092.ref003","unstructured":"NICE, Acute Epistaxis Management. https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/epistaxis-nosebleeds\/management\/acute-epistaxis\/ [Accessed July 2022]."},{"key":"pone.0315092.ref004","unstructured":"Patient UK, Nosebleeds. https:\/\/patient.info\/ears-nose-throat-mouth\/nosebleed-epistaxis-leaflet [Accessed July 2022]."},{"key":"pone.0315092.ref005","unstructured":"RCEM. RCEM Learning. https:\/\/www.rcemlearning.co.uk\/reference\/epistaxis\/ [Accessed July 2022]."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315092.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215117002031","article-title":"Initial assessment in the management of adult epistaxis: systematic review","volume":"131","author":"M Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Laryngology & Otology"},{"issue":"868","key":"pone.0315092.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.74.868.113","article-title":"First-aid treatment of epistaxis\u2014confirmation of widespread ignorance","volume":"74","author":"D Strachan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Postgraduate medical journal"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315092.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.10.4.298","article-title":"The first aid management of epistaxis by accident and emergency department staff","volume":"10","author":"G McGarry","year":"1993","journal-title":"Emergency Medicine Journal"},{"key":"pone.0315092.ref009","first-page":"1","article-title":"Where should epistaxis education be focussed? A comparative study between the public and healthcare workers on knowledge of first aid management methods of epistaxis","author":"S Jamshaid","journal-title":"The Journal of Laryngology & Otology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315092.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20695","article-title":"Is severe epistaxis associated with acetylsalicylic acid intake?","volume":"120","author":"MB Soyka","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315092.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215110001921","article-title":"Epistaxis in patients taking oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication: prospective cohort study","volume":"125","author":"J Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of Laryngology & Otology"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0315092.ref012","first-page":"653","article-title":"An update on epistaxis","volume":"44","author":"S. Yau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Australian Family Physician"},{"issue":"955","key":"pone.0315092.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2004.025007","article-title":"Epistaxis: an update on current management","volume":"81","author":"L Pope","year":"2005","journal-title":"Postgraduate medical journal"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]],"date-time":"2025-01-15T18:24:09Z","timestamp":1736965449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315092"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rong-San","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,15]]}}}