{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T08:59:30Z","timestamp":1787907570782,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Panic-buying and stockpiling during Covid disrupted the supply chain, causing food shortages and impacting the vulnerable. The government faced criticism for its lack of food system resilience, poor communications planning, and reliance on retailers. The British media frequently reported on panic-buying during early lockdown stages in 2020 and throughout Covid. The media play an important role in communicating information to the British public during times of crisis and influence public opinion. This mixed-method study examined English media portrayal of panic-buying, analysing text and visual data from six of the highest-circulating newspapers from March to July 2020. It reviewed reporting trends, use of imagery, themes, and prominent stakeholder voices. Content analysis of 209 articles showed that coverage was dominated by popular and left-wing press, with 89% of articles using sensationalised language and 68% coded as negative. In a subset of 125 articles, visual imagery showed empty shelves in 64% of analysed images, reinforcing the impression of food shortages. Supermarkets were the most quoted stakeholders, appearing in 62% of articles. Contradictions included reports of no food shortages alongside images of empty shelves and early newspaper advice encouraging stockpiling. Reporting peaked between March 16\u201322, 2020. Six key themes were identified: supermarket prominence, food supply\/access, food policy, individual behaviour, socio-economic impacts, and panic-buying drivers\u2014all themes had relevance to food system resilience. Future civil unrest linked to food-system challenges, potentially driven by climate change, conflict, or political instability, could see panic-buying play a significant role. Research on media portrayals of panic-buying can help policymakers enhance communication strategies and identify critical issues during crises. The Covid pandemic revealed crucial lessons about the media\u2019s potential role in shaping public behaviour, highlighting the need for stronger government communication and collaboration with both the media and retailers to ensure consistent messaging, particularly to protect vulnerable groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T18:33:15Z","timestamp":1739385195000},"page":"e0315142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The portrayal of panic-buying and stockpiling in English newspapers during Covid, a mixed-method content analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5979-8120","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dayna","family":"Brackley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0329-2120","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Wells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0315142.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Director-General\u2019s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 [Internet]. 2020 Mar 11 [cited 2023 Jul 18]. https:\/\/www.who.int\/director-general\/speeches\/detail\/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19\u201411-march-2020"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref002","unstructured":"Institute for Government. Timeline of UK government coronavirus lockdowns and measures March 2020 to December 2021 [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2023 Jun 18]. https:\/\/www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-12\/timeline-coronavirus-lockdown-december-2021.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref003","unstructured":"Public Health England. Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on grocery shopping behaviours [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2023 Jun 21]. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/932350\/Grocery_Purchasing_Report.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref004","unstructured":"Baker C, Kirk-Wade E, Brown J, Barber S. Coronavirus: A history of English lockdown laws [Internet]. House of Commons Library. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/commonslibrary.parliament.uk\/research-briefings\/cbp-9068\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref005","unstructured":"British Retail Consortium. Food retailers reassure customers and ask them to buy responsibly [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/brc.org.uk\/news\/corporate-affairs\/food-retailers-reassure-customers-and-ask-them-to-buy-responsibly\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref006","unstructured":"Kantar. Record grocery sales as shoppers prepare for lockdown [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.kantarworldpanel.com\/global\/News\/Record-grocery-sales-as-shoppers-prepare-for-lockdown"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1108\/EOR-10-2023-0003","article-title":"How COVID-19 has exposed inequalities in the UK food system: the case of UK food and poverty","volume":"2","author":"M Power","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerald Open Res"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref008","unstructured":"UK Covid Inquiry. Resilience and preparedness [Module 1]\u2014Public hearings\u2014UK Covid-19 inquiry [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/covid19.public-inquiry.uk\/hearings\/resilience-and-preparedness\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref009","unstructured":"UK Covid Enquiry. Terms of Reference\u2014UK Covid-19 inquiry [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/covid19.public-inquiry.uk\/documents\/terms-of-reference\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref010","unstructured":"Environment Food and Rural Affairs Committee. What effect did the coronavirus pandemic have on food? Short-hand stories [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/houseofcommons.shorthandstories.com\/EFRA-covid19-food-supply\/index.html"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref011","unstructured":"Environment Food and Rural Affairs Committee [Internet]. Covid 19 and Food Supply. First Report of Session 2019\u201321. 2020 Jul [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/committees.parliament.uk\/publications\/2187\/documents\/20156\/default\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref012","unstructured":"Environment Food and Rural Affairs Committee [Internet]. COVID-19 and food supply: Oral Evidence. 2020 Jun [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/committees.parliament.uk\/publications\/2925\/documents\/28142\/default\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref013","unstructured":"Environment Food and Rural Affairs Committee. COVID-19 and food supply: oral evidence [Internet]. 2020 Jun [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/committees.parliament.uk\/publications\/2925\/documents\/28142\/default\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref014","unstructured":"Millstone E, Marsden T, Lang T. COV0023 [Internet]. Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee. Written statement. 2020 Apr [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/committees.parliament.uk\/writtenevidence\/2920\/html\/"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315142.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-022-01280-1","article-title":"England\u2019s food policy coordination and the Covid-19 response","volume":"14","author":"K Parsons","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Secur"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa313","article-title":"The importance of food systems and the environment for nutrition","volume":"113","author":"J Fanzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104981","article-title":"Stockpiling as resilience: defending and contextualising extra food procurement during lockdown","volume":"156","author":"B. Benker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315142.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/fqsafe\/fyaa024","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the food supply chain","volume":"4","author":"S Aday","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Qual Saf"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell M, Smith K, de Paula \u00c1. Preparing for a pandemic: spending dynamics and panic buying during the COVID-19 first wave [Internet]. 2020 Oct 15. https:\/\/ifs.org.uk\/publications\/preparing-pandemic-spending-dynamics-and-panic-buying-during-covid-19-first-wave","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-5890.12271"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2022.102906","article-title":"Changes to household food shopping practices during the COVID-19 restrictions: evidence from the East of England","volume":"78","author":"C Thompson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315142.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1108\/EJM-11-2020-0796","article-title":"Conceptualising the panic buying phenomenon during COVID-19 as an affective assemblage","volume":"56","author":"A Zaky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Mark"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref022","unstructured":"Legislation.gov.uk. Coronavirus Act 2020 [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/2020\/7\/notes\/division\/12\/index.htm."},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref023","article-title":"Disabled people cut off from vital supplies due to panic buying | coronavirus","author":"F Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315142.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/aphw.12237","article-title":"COVID-19 increases online searches for emotional and health-related terms","volume":"12","author":"H Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Health Well Being"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2021.05.026","article-title":"An exploration of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 [COVID-19] restrictions on marginalised groups in the UK","volume":"197","author":"C Eshareturi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315142.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/jrfm13080166","article-title":"Consumer behaviour during crises: Preliminary research on how coronavirus has manifested consumer panic buying, herd mentality, changing discretionary spending and the role of the media in influencing behaviour","volume":"13","author":"M Loxton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Risk Financ Manag"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref027","unstructured":"Wentworth J. Effects of COVID-19 on the food supply system [Internet]. UK Parliament Post. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/post.parliament.uk\/effects-of-covid-19-on-the-food-supply-system\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12547","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and food poverty conversations: social network analysis of Twitter data","volume":"47","author":"F Eskandari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Bull"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1108\/JIMA-09-2020-0309","article-title":"Panic buying or preparedness? The effect of information, anxiety and resilience on stockpiling by Muslim consumers during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"12","author":"CE Sherman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Islam Mark"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref030","unstructured":"Ofcom [Internet]. Covid-19 news and information: consumption and attitudes\u2013previous results. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/media-use-and-attitudes\/attitudes-to-news\/previous-results"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315142.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1108\/YC-04-2024-2059","article-title":"Editorial: The infodemic, young consumers and responsible stakeholdership","volume":"25","author":"H Ting","year":"2024","journal-title":"Young Consum"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2022.102948","article-title":"Social determinants of panic buying behaviour amidst COVID-19 pandemic: The role of perceived scarcity and anticipated regret","volume":"66","author":"KF Yuen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Retail Consum Serv"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315142.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264618","article-title":"Is it really \u201cpanic buying\u201d? Public perceptions and experiences of extra buying at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"17","author":"E Ntontis","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315142.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/08961530.2021.1962475","article-title":"Effects of national culture on the extent of panic buying during the COVID-19 outbreak","volume":"34","author":"W Messner","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Int Consum Mark"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315142.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/fcsr.12421","article-title":"Panic buying: Modeling what drives it and how it deteriorates emotional well-being","volume":"50","author":"C Huan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fam Consum Sci Res J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315142.ref036","first-page":"1","article-title":"Panic buying research: A systematic review of systematic reviews","volume":"8","author":"SMY Arafat","year":"2022","journal-title":"South East Asia J Med Sci"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npbr.2020.07.002","article-title":"Panic buying: An insight from the content analysis of media reports during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"SMY Arafat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Psychiatry Brain Res"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867511","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2022.867511","article-title":"Do We Need Media Guidelines When Reporting on Panic Buying? An Analysis of the Content of News Reports During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"7","author":"RP Rajkumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315142.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1177\/14407833211057310","article-title":"The victims, villains and heroes of \u2018panic buying\u2019: News media attribution of responsibility for COVID-19 stockpiling","volume":"59","author":"T Phillips","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Sociol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315142.ref040","first-page":"447","article-title":"How far has panic buying been studied?","volume":"8","author":"SMY Arafat","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315142.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3126\/nje.v12i3.43436","article-title":"Panic buying research: A bibliometric review","volume":"12","author":"SM Yasir Arafat","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nepal J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref042","article-title":"Panic buying amid coronavirus fears: How much are we spending\u2026 and why is it a problem?","author":"F. Southey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Navigator"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/asap.12302","article-title":"Barriers of emergent psychological groupness predict stockpiling during the pandemic: Lack of trust, media exposure and anxiety","volume":"22","author":"MS Uysal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anal Soc Issues Public Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315142.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1108\/APJML-06-2021-0400","article-title":"Supply chain insights from social media users\u2019 responses to panic buying during COVID-19: The herd mentality","volume":"35","author":"V Wilk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Mark Logist"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315142.ref045","first-page":"61","article-title":"A review of panic buying: The mediation of illusory truth effect and persistence due to herd mentality and confirmation bias","volume":"9","author":"S Woo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Univ Toronto Med J"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref046","article-title":"Assessment of public attention, risk perception, emotional and behavioural responses to the COVID-19 outbreak: social media surveillance in China","author":"Z Hou","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102203","article-title":"Timed intervention in COVID-19 and panic buying","volume":"57","author":"C Prentice","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Retail Consum Serv"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315142.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/19556","article-title":"The impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: online questionnaire study","volume":"22","author":"AR Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315142.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1002\/cb.1925","article-title":"Customers\u2019 social interactions and panic buying behavior: insights from social media practices","volume":"20","author":"M Naeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Consum Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0315142.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1108\/ITP-01-2021-0061","article-title":"Understanding misinformation and rumors that generated panic buying as a social practice during COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from Twitter, YouTube and focus group interviews","volume":"35","author":"M Naeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"Information Technology and People"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315142.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1108\/QMR-04-2020-0050","article-title":"The role of social media to generate social proof as engaged society for stockpiling behaviour of customers during Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"24","author":"M. Naeem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual Mark Res"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref052","unstructured":"Supermarkets to join forces to feed the nation [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/supermarkets-to-join-forces-to-feed-the-nation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246339","article-title":"Pandemic buying: Testing a psychological model of over-purchasing and panic buying using data from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"RP Bentall","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1017\/nps.2020.40","article-title":"Everyday nationalism in unsettled times: in search of normality during pandemic","volume":"50","author":"JP Goode","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl Pap"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315142.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.2516","article-title":"Prosociality and hoarding amid the COVID-19 pandemic: a tale of four countries","volume":"32","author":"DCK Tse","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Community Appl Soc Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105118","article-title":"Panic buying in times of coronavirus (COVID-19): Extending the theory of planned behavior to understand the stockpiling of nonperishable food in Germany","volume":"161","author":"M Lehberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2020.1800924","article-title":"Predicting social distancing and compulsive buying behaviours in response to COVID-19 in a United Kingdom sample","volume":"7","author":"R Jaspal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cogent Psychol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315142.ref058","article-title":"Influences of News and Social Media on Food Insecurity and Hoarding Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"17","author":"L Charilaou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref059","article-title":"Ocado delivery delays as UK stockpiles for coronavirus outbreak","author":"S Matthews","year":"2020","journal-title":"Daily Mail Online"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-12548-8","article-title":"Food shortages, stockpiling and panic buying ahead of Brexit as reported by the British media: a mixed methods content analysis","volume":"22","author":"PC Coleman","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref061","article-title":"Tesco warns of Christmas panic buying if driver shortage persists","author":"K. Makortoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Guardian"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref062","article-title":"Ukraine war fears saw surge in British shoppers \u2018panic buying\u2019 essentials from toilet roll to dried pasta","author":"E Atkinson","year":"2022","journal-title":"The Independent"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref063","article-title":"Full list of major supermarkets imposing buying limits as shortages hit shelves","author":"A. Armstrong","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Sun"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref064","volume-title":"Setting the agenda: the mass media and public opinion","author":"M. McCombs","year":"2014","edition":"2"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0315142.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1108\/BFJ-03-2014-0123","article-title":"UK print media coverage of the food bank phenomenon: From food welfare to food charity?","volume":"116","author":"R Wells","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br Food J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315142.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x","article-title":"Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm","volume":"43","author":"RM Entman","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781526435798","volume-title":"Journalism and Society","author":"D McQuail","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.2174\/1876823720131001011","article-title":"Normalisation and Stigmatisation of Obesity in UK Newspapers: a Visual Content Analysis","volume":"5","author":"C Patterson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Obes J"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref069","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives","author":"P D\u2019Angelo","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315142.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcs.12669","article-title":"Panic buying research: A systematic literature review and future research agenda","volume":"45","author":"S Billore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Consum Stud"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-70726-2_3","volume-title":"Panic Buying: Perspectives and Prevention","author":"AB George","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628393","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.628393","article-title":"Panic Buying in Bangladesh: An Exploration of Media Reports","volume":"11","author":"SMY Arafat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315142.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4370","DOI":"10.3390\/su13084370","article-title":"Consumer panic buying: realizing its consequences and repercussions on the supply chain","volume":"13","author":"R Dulam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315142.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000875","article-title":"The novel coronavirus [COVID-2019] outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure","volume":"39","author":"DR Garfin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315142.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1086\/267990","article-title":"The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media","volume":"36","author":"M McCombs","year":"1972","journal-title":"The Public Opin Q"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-9916.2007.00326.x","article-title":"Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models","volume":"57","author":"DA Scheufele","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Commun"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315142.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/09581596.2018.1482663","article-title":"The media and public health: where next for critical analysis?","volume":"28","author":"L Henderson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071878781","volume-title":"Content analysis: an introduction to its methodology","author":"K. Krippendorff","year":"2019","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref079","first-page":"10","volume-title":"The Handbook of Visual Analysis","author":"P. Bell","year":"2001"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315142.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-954X.12109","article-title":"On the Relation between \u2018Visual Research Methods\u2019 and Contemporary Visual Culture","volume":"62","author":"G. Rose","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sociol Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315142.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207576","article-title":"The palatability of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation: A content analysis of newspaper coverage of the UK sugar debate","volume":"13","author":"CH Buckton","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref082","unstructured":"Ofcom. News Consumption in the UK [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0024\/241827\/News-Consumption-in-the-UK-Overview-of-findings-2022.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref083","unstructured":"Audit Bureau of Circulation. Reports and data analysis [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.abc.org.uk\/data\/reports-and-certificates\/national-newspapers"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref084","unstructured":"YouGov. How left or right-wing are the UK\u2019s newspapers? [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/yougov.co.uk\/politics\/articles\/17715-how-left-or-right-wing-are-uks-newspapers"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref085","unstructured":"Ofcom. News Consumption in the UK [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.ofcom.org.uk\/siteassets\/resources\/documents\/research-and-data\/tv-radio-and-on-demand-research\/tv-research\/news\/news-consumption-2019\/uk-news-consumption-2019-report.pdf?v=324102"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref086","volume-title":"Constructing Grounded Theory","author":"J. Charmaz","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315142.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547007302211","article-title":"Reporting a Potential Pandemic","volume":"28","author":"AD Dudo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci Commun"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref088","first-page":"459","volume-title":"Researching Society and Culture","author":"C Seale","year":"2018","edition":"3"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref089","article-title":"DON\u2019T PANIC? SHOPPERS CLEAR STORES","author":"S. Poulter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Daily Mail"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref090","unstructured":"European Journalism Observatory. Tabloid vs. Broadsheet\u2014European Journalism Observatory\u2014EJO. 2011. https:\/\/en.ejo.ch\/ethics-quality\/tabloid-vs-broadsheet. Accessed October 20, 2024."},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref091","unstructured":"The Gale Review. How the Mirror newspaper has shaped British journalism. [Internet] 2020. https:\/\/review.gale.com\/2020\/04\/02\/the-role-of-the-mirror-in-shaping-british-journalism\/. Accessed October 20, 2024."},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref092","unstructured":"BBC News. Coronavirus: Nurse\u2019s despair as panic-buyers clear shelves [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/av\/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-51966337"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446268278.n17","volume-title":"The SAGE handbook of visual research methods","author":"T. Wright","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref094","first-page":"17","volume-title":"The Changing Faces of Journalism: Tabloidization, Technology, and Truthiness","author":"HJ Gans","year":"2009"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref095","first-page":"173","volume-title":"Progress in communication sciences","author":"V Price","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref096","first-page":"237","volume-title":"Routledge International Handbook of Rural Studies","author":"J Dixon","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315142.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1177\/10105395211014699","article-title":"Prevention of panic buying during public health emergency","volume":"33","author":"SMY Arafat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110263","article-title":"An explorative study of the individual differences associated with consumer stockpiling during the early stages of the 2020 Coronavirus outbreak in Europe","volume":"167","author":"J. Dammeyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers Individ Dif"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0315142.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5078","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235078","article-title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Food Security of UK Adults Aged 20\u201365 Years [COVID-19 Food Security and Dietary Assessment Study]","volume":"14","author":"M Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2020.05.003","article-title":"Perspectives from CO+RE: How COVID-19 changed our food systems and food security paradigms","volume":"3","author":"S Bakalis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Res Food Sci"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref101","unstructured":"Gain. The COVID-19 Crisis and Food Systems: probable impacts and potential mitigation and adaptation responses [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.gainhealth.org\/sites\/default\/files\/news\/documents\/covid-19-crisis-and-food-systems-probable-impacts-and-potential-mitigation-and-adaptation-responses.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref102","unstructured":"Gov.uk. Prepare Website [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/prepare.campaign.gov.uk\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref103","unstructured":"IPSO. Editor\u2019s Code of Practice [Internet]. 2021 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.ipso.co.uk\/editors-code-of-practice\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref104","unstructured":"Samaritans. Samaritans\u2019 media guidelines for reporting suicide [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.samaritans.org\/about-samaritans\/media-guidelines\/media-guidelines-reporting-suicide\/"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref105","unstructured":"Obesity Action. Guidelines for media portrayals of individuals affected by obesity [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/www.obesityaction.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/Guidelines-for-Media-Portrayals-of-Individuals-Affected-by-Obesity-2016.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0315142.ref106","unstructured":"UK Parliament. A resilient UK food system. UK Parliament Post [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2024 Sep 30]. https:\/\/post.parliament.uk\/research-briefings\/post-pn-0626\/"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0315142.ref107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14783","DOI":"10.3390\/su152014783","article-title":"Scoping potential routes to UK civil unrest via the food system: results of a structured expert elicitation","volume":"15","author":"A Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T18:33:51Z","timestamp":1739385231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315142"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jiankun","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315142","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]}}}