{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T15:27:12Z","timestamp":1784129232778,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Published with support of the Universitaire Stichting from Belgium and of the Rehabilitation technology for persons with a Brain Injury alliance research group."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Increasing one\u2019s walking speed is an important goal in post-stroke gait rehabilitation. Insufficient arm swing in people post-stroke might limit their ability to propel the body forward and increase walking speed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To investigate the speed-dependent changes (and their contributing factors) in the arm swing of persons post-stroke.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty-five persons post-stroke (53\u00b112.1 years; 40.72\u00b143.0 months post-stroke) walked on a treadmill at comfortable (0.83m\/s) and fast (1.01m\/s) speed. Shoulder and elbow kinematics were compared between conditions using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) analysis, and discrete parameters using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test or an independent sample t-test. The relations between speed-dependent changes in shoulder and elbow range of motion and clinical and gait parameters were assessed using Spearman correlation coefficients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The non-paretic arm showed expected speed-dependent kinematic adaptations with increases in active range of motion for shoulder flexion (p&lt;0.001), extension (p&lt;0.05), abduction (p = 0.001), rotation (p = 0.004) and elbow flexion (p&lt;0.001). The paretic arm only showed an increase in shoulder abduction and elbow flexion (both p&lt;0.001). Persons post-stroke with a more impaired arm swing coordination pattern only showed speed-dependent adaptations for elbow flexion (p&lt;0.001) at the paretic side during fast walking. In contrast, persons post-stroke with a normal arm swing coordination pattern presented with increases in active range of motion of the shoulder abduction and elbow flexion (both p&lt;0.001) at the paretic side when walking fast. More upper limb impairment (r = -0.521, p&lt;0.01) and a wider step width (r = 0.534, p&lt;0.01) were related to a larger increase in mean elbow flexion during faster walking.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Persons post-stroke show different changes in arm swing kinematics at the paretic compared to the non-paretic side when increasing walking speed. The changes are related to the impairment level and stability during walking, indicating that therapeutic interventions aiming to increase walking speed by improving arm swing might need to target these factors.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T18:44:46Z","timestamp":1735929886000},"page":"e0315332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Speed-dependent changes in the arm swing during independent walking in individuals after stroke"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1873-7580","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daan","family":"De Vlieger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Defour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Bar-On","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Cambier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Swinnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Van der Looven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4478-2836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anke","family":"Van Bladel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315332.ref001","first-page":"389","article-title":"Is health-related-quality of life of stroke patients influenced by neurological impairments at one year after stroke?","volume":"46","author":"M Franceschini","year":"2010","journal-title":"European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315332.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968308318837","article-title":"Validation of a speed-based classification system using quantitative measures of walking performance poststroke","volume":"22","author":"MG Bowden","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315332.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1923","article-title":"Gait speed and survival in older adults","volume":"305","author":"S Studenski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0315332.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.475921","article-title":"Improvements in speed-based gait classifications are meaningful","volume":"38","author":"A Schmid","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"pone.0315332.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2019.12.009","article-title":"Biomechanical correlates for recovering walking speed following a stroke. The potential of tibia to vertical angle as a therapy target","volume":"76","author":"Rowe Kerr","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"pone.0315332.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2016.06.001","article-title":"Comprehensive quantitative investigation of arm swing during walking at various speed and surface slope conditions","volume":"49","author":"B Hejrati","year":"2016","journal-title":"Human movement science"},{"key":"pone.0315332.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2017.03.025","article-title":"The effects of walking speed on upper body kinematics during gait in healthy subjects","volume":"54","author":"J Romkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gait & posture"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315332.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2014.04.204","article-title":"Arm swing in human walking: what is their drive?","volume":"40","author":"M Goudriaan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait & posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315332.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9457(94)90049-3","article-title":"Dynamics of pathological gait","volume":"13","author":"RC Wagenaar","year":"1994","journal-title":"Human Movement Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315332.ref010","first-page":"85","article-title":"Phase manipulation and walking in stroke. 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