{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:50:51Z","timestamp":1772769051949,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738800000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Programa de Apoyo a Proyectos de Investigaci\u00f3n e Innovaci\u00f3n Tecnol\u00f3gica","award":["IA206123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA206123"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Yucatan Peninsula, southeast M\u00e9xico, hosts a unique underwater karstic system of galleries connected by multiple sinkholes, locally called cenotes. This system is developed on a great Late Miocene to Early Pliocene carbonate platform belonging to the Carrillo Puerto Formation. The karstification process partially erodes these deposits\u2019 surfaces and exposes the fossil assemblage. Here, we present the fossil fish diversity in underwater prospections in the Cenotes Sambul\u00e1, San Juan, and X-Nabuy. Our results indicate the presence of at least 11 different taxa, which include: 1) species that live today on Mexican coasts, such as <jats:italic>Carcharhinus brachyurus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>leucas<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>perezii<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Carcharodon carcharias<\/jats:italic>, and unidentified <jats:italic>Rhinoptera<\/jats:italic> species; 2) extinct taxa, such as \u2020<jats:italic>Galeocerdo mayumbensis<\/jats:italic>, \u2020<jats:italic>Hemipristis serra<\/jats:italic>, and \u2020<jats:italic>Otodus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Carcharocles<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>megalodon<\/jats:italic>; 3) taxa that are not currently distributed in Mexican coasts, such as <jats:italic>Carcharhinus macloti<\/jats:italic> and representatives of the genus <jats:italic>Aetomylaeus<\/jats:italic>. Furthermore, a new Diodontidae species, \u2020<jats:italic>Chilomycterus dzonotensis<\/jats:italic> sp. nov., is described. It represents an increment in the Neogene fish diversity in the Gulf of Mexico and supports a shallow marine environment associated with a coral reef system. The small size of some teeth indicates that the deposits of Carrillo Puerto could be a shelter for tiny marine organisms, and the presence of some taxa highlights local extinctions in the Western Atlantic during the Late Cenozoic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T18:52:03Z","timestamp":1738867923000},"page":"e0315382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Underwater paleontology inside cenotes reveals the Miocene-Pliocene fish diversity in the Yucatan Peninsula, southeast Mexico"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1970-0851","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kleyton M.","family":"Cantalice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hugo E.","family":"Salgado-Garrido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erick","family":"Sosa-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kay","family":"Vilchis-Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerardo","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"on behalf of the Underwater Archaeological Atlas project","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0315382.ref001","article-title":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) A Lexicon of Cave and Karst terminology with special reference to environmental Karst hydrology","year":"2002","journal-title":"Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington Office, Washington, DC, EPA\/600\/R-02\/003."},{"key":"pone.0315382.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.21701\/bolgeomin.127.1.012","article-title":"The Sac Actun System.","volume":"127","author":"PN Kambesis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bol Geol Min."},{"key":"pone.0315382.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3897\/zookeys.911.47694","article-title":"New distribution records of subterranean crustaceans from cenotes in Yucatan (Mexico).","volume":"911","author":"D Angyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zookeys"},{"key":"pone.0315382.ref004","first-page":"260","volume-title":"In: The first 100 IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage, editor.","author":"RA L\u00f3pez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0315382.ref005","author":"F Bonet","year":"1959"},{"key":"pone.0315382.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Las Formaciones Cenozoicas de la parte mexicana de la Pen\u00ednsula de Yucat\u00e1n: M\u00e9xico.","author":"J Butterlin","year":"1963","journal-title":"Rev Inst Geol, UNAM."},{"key":"pone.0315382.ref007","article-title":"Formaci\u00f3n Carrillo Puerto.","author":"Servicio Geol\u00f3gico Mexicano (SGM).","year":"2011","journal-title":"L\u00e9xico Estratigr\u00e1fico de M\u00e9xico, Servicio Geol\u00f3gico Mexicano."},{"key":"pone.0315382.ref008","article-title":"Carta Geol\u00f3gico-Minera Estados de Campeche, Quintana Roo y Yucat\u00e1n, escala 1:250,000 (Map).","author":"Servicio Geol\u00f3gico Mexicano (SGM).","year":"2006","journal-title":"Servicio Geol\u00f3gico Mexicano."},{"key":"pone.0315382.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/02724634.1989.10011775","article-title":"Fossil Sirenia of the West Atlantic and Caribbean region. 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