{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T08:41:31Z","timestamp":1782722491340,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014035","name":"Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FY2022 ProMIS ID: P0116_22_KY and FY2023 ProMIS ID P0094_23_KY."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FY2022 ProMIS ID: P0116_22_KY and FY2023 ProMIS ID P0094_23_KY."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014035","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> is the main vector of several arboviruses including chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika. Beyond arboviruses, <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> harbours insect-specific viruses (ISVs), which can modulate mosquito\u2019s ability to transmit diseases by interfering with viral processes and triggering immune responses. Both arboviruses and ISVs can be transmitted vertically, where viruses are passed from parent to offspring. The lack of systematic molecular and entomological surveillance, has left the diversity of viruses in local <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> populations largely unexplored. This study aimed to characterize the viromes of <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes from Kisumu, Kenya, focusing on viral diversity. Immature larvae and pupae were collected from Jua Kali area in Kisumu, reared into adults, and subjected to viral isolation by cell culture and metagenomic next-generation sequencing. RNA extraction, library preparation, and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were performed on CPE positive pools and metagenomic superpools. Initial data analysis was conducted using the CZ-ID platform, with quality control applied using PrinseqLite v0.20.4 to filter low-quality reads and remove adapters. De novo sequence assembly was performed with MEGAHIT v1.2.9, followed by BLAST analysis. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed using the Maximum Likelihood method. A total of 2,142 female <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic>, grouped into 86 pools and 4 superpools, were analyzed using cell culture and metagenomic next-generation sequencing respectively. Dengue virus type-3 was detected in one of the 86 pool. Additionally, a variety of ISVs were identified, including Iflaviruses related to Tesano Aedes Iflavirus (TeAV), Armigeres Iflavirus, and Negeviruses related to Rabai Virus. An unclassified virus closely related to Korle-Bu Aedes virus was also detected. Our study provides insights into the viral diversity within <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes in Kisumu and evidence of natural vertical transmission, specifically transovarial transmission of dengue virus type-3. Ongoing research is imperative to unravel vertical transmission mechanisms and subtleties governing ISV-arbovirus interactions across diverse environmental settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T17:57:46Z","timestamp":1751479066000},"page":"e0315492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vertical transmission of Dengue virus type-3 and metagenomic virome profiles of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes collected in Kisumu, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3597-8001","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tabitha","family":"Wanjiru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8475-0586","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wallace","family":"Bulimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Langat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson","family":"Kinyua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Odemba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santos","family":"Yalwala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Oullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ochieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Ngere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gladys","family":"Kerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Ambale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunice","family":"Achieng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Abuom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Egbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaree","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elly","family":"Ojwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Eads","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Garges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrick","family":"Eyase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0315492.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aedes spp mosquitoes and emerging neglected diseases of Kenya","volume":"5","author":"EA Owino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Mosq Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315492.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.12.011","article-title":"The dengue vector Aedes aegypti: what comes next","volume":"12","author":"CC Jansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315492.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/v15030636","article-title":"Biology and Behaviour of Aedes aegypti in the Human Environment: Opportunities for Vector Control of Arbovirus Transmission","volume":"15","author":"L Facchinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315492.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/jvec.12168","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of existing surveillance tools for Aedes aegypti in Western Kenya","volume":"40","author":"S Yalwala","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vector Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276130395","article-title":"History of domestication and spread of Aedes aegypti--a review","author":"JR Powell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2014.10","article-title":"Mosquito habitat and dengue risk potential in Kenya: alternative methods to traditional risk mapping techniques","volume":"9","author":"DF Attaway","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-011-2449-6","article-title":"Mosquito species abundance and diversity in Malindi, Kenya and their potential implication in pathogen transmission","volume":"110","author":"JM Mwangangi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315492.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189971","article-title":"Characteristics of Aedes aegypti adult mosquitoes in rural and urban areas of western and coastal Kenya","volume":"12","author":"BA Ndenga","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2271-9","article-title":"Characterization and productivity profiles of Aedes aegypti (L.) breeding habitats across rural and urban landscapes in western and coastal Kenya","volume":"10","author":"HN Ngugi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0315492.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004981","article-title":"Dengue Outbreak in Mombasa City, Kenya, 2013-2014: Entomologic Investigations","volume":"10","author":"J Lutomiah","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315492.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003733","article-title":"A household serosurvey to estimate the magnitude of a dengue outbreak in Mombasa, Kenya, 2013","volume":"9","author":"EM Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00290","article-title":"Human to mosquito transmission of dengue viruses","volume":"5","author":"LB Carrington","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.11.004","article-title":"Seroprevalence of yellow fever, dengue, West Nile and chikungunya viruses in children in Teso South Sub-County, Western Kenya","volume":"91","author":"M Inziani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref014","first-page":"83","article-title":"Co-Circulation Evidence of Dengue Virus Serotypes at the Kenyan Coast in 2014, 2015","volume":"11","author":"K Munyuga","year":"2016","journal-title":"IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci (IOSR-JPBS"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref015","article-title":"Dengue, Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome in the Context of the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development","author":"WHO","year":"2005","journal-title":"Discuss Pap child Heal"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref016","first-page":"299","article-title":"Epidemiology of dengue: past, present and future prospects","volume":"5","author":"NEA Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8291","key":"pone.0315492.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)91047-9","article-title":"Dengue-2 virus in Kenya","volume":"2","author":"BK Johnson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315492.ref018","first-page":"937","article-title":"An outbreak of type 2 dengue fever in the Seychelles, probably transmitted by Aedes albopictus (Skuse)","volume":"58","author":"D Metselaar","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315492.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198556","article-title":"Investigation of laboratory confirmed Dengue outbreak in North-eastern Kenya, 2011","volume":"13","author":"M Obonyo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.08.074","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics associated with dengue fever in Mombasa, Kenya","volume":"100","author":"JK Lim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315492.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000122","article-title":"March 2019 dengue fever outbreak at the Kenyan south coast involving dengue virus serotype 3, genotypes III and V","volume":"2","author":"EM Muthanje","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref022","first-page":"1","author":"IFRC","year":"2021"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref023","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Kenya: Dengue Fever Outbreak Dengue fever sensitization and distribution of mosquito nets in Mararani, Basuba Ward in Lamu County","author":"IFRC","year":"2022"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0315492.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01202-19","article-title":"Mosquito-Borne Viruses and Insect-Specific Viruses Revealed in Field-Collected Mosquitoes by a Monitoring Tool Adapted from a Microbial Detection Array","volume":"85","author":"E Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0315492.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4911","DOI":"10.3390\/v7092851","article-title":"Insect-Specific Virus Discovery: Significance for the Arbovirus Community","volume":"7","author":"BG Bolling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315492.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-01629-9","article-title":"Insect-specific virus evolution and potential effects on vector competence","volume":"55","author":"P \u00d6hlund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315492.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0144","article-title":"Culex flavivirus and West Nile virus mosquito coinfection and positive ecological association in Chicago, United States","volume":"11","author":"CM Newman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1683-2","article-title":"The insect-specific Palm Creek virus modulates West Nile virus infection in and transmission by Australian mosquitoes","volume":"9","author":"S Hall-Mendelin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.08.007","article-title":"Insect-specific viruses and their potential impact on arbovirus transmission","volume":"15","author":"N Vasilakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Virol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0315492.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00433-21","article-title":"Negeviruses Reduce Replication of Alphaviruses during Coinfection","volume":"95","author":"EI Patterson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0315492.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090873","article-title":"Mosquito-Specific Viruses-Transmission and Interaction","volume":"11","author":"E Agboli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-06043-1","article-title":"Natural vertical transmission of dengue virus in Latin America and the Caribbean: highlighting its detection limitations and potential significance","volume":"16","author":"MAJ Golding","year":"2023","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315492.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005548","article-title":"Determinants of Arbovirus Vertical Transmission in Mosquitoes","volume":"12","author":"S Lequime","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref034","first-page":"49","volume":"8","author":"OECD","year":"2018","journal-title":"Life cycle Four life stages"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0315492.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002342","article-title":"Eggs of the mosquito Aedes aegypti survive desiccation by rewiring their polyamine and lipid metabolism","volume":"21","author":"A Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315492.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652014000200013","article-title":"Vertical transmission of dengue virus in Aedes aegypti collected in Puerto Iguaz\u00fa, Misiones, Argentina","volume":"56","author":"M Espinosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref037","first-page":"41","article-title":"Rapid detection of dengue virus transovarial transmition from nature and artificial inoculation","volume":"7","author":"I Hikmawati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Crit Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315492.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008362","article-title":"Evidence of transovarial transmission of Chikungunya and Dengue viruses in field-caught mosquitoes in Kenya","volume":"14","author":"CJ Heath","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010004","article-title":"Entomo-Virological Aedes aegypti Surveillance Applied for Prediction of Dengue Transmission: A Spatio-Temporal Modeling Study","volume":"12","author":"S Leandro A de","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2024.1355778","article-title":"Ecology of arboviruses and their potential mosquito vectors in Benin, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and Gabon: a mini review","volume":"5","author":"GP Manouana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00002-06","article-title":"Role of cell culture for virus detection in the age of technology","volume":"20","author":"DS Leland","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591478","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.591478","article-title":"A Metagenomic Analysis of Mosquito Virome Collected From Different Animal Farms at Yunnan-Myanmar Border of China","volume":"11","author":"M Hameed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"3744","key":"pone.0315492.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1038\/148125a0","article-title":"Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Region","volume":"148","author":"PA Buxton","year":"1941","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref044","article-title":"Comparative anatomy of the female genitalia of genera and subgenera in tribe aedini (Diptera: Culicidae)","author":"JF Reinert","year":"1972","journal-title":"Genus"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref045","volume-title":"Mosquitoes","author":"DP Jupp","year":"1986"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0315492.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033","article-title":"MEGAHIT: an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph","volume":"31","author":"D Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0315492.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","article-title":"Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref048","article-title":"Fast and sensitive protein alignment using DIAMOND","author":"D Huson","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref049","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref050","author":"Illumina","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315492.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2019.1678939","article-title":"Arboviruses in the East African Community partner states: a review of medically important mosquito-borne Arboviruses","volume":"113","author":"R Nyaruaba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(02)00033-8","article-title":"Molecular evolution and phylogeny of dengue type 4 virus in the Caribbean","volume":"306","author":"JE Foster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref053","first-page":"56","article-title":"Distribution and seasonality of vertically transmitted dengue viruses in Aedes mosquitoes in arid and semi-arid areas of Rajasthan, India","volume":"45","author":"B Angel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Vector Borne Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315492.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2007)44[492:SARODV]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Survival and Replication of Dengue-2 Virus in Diapausing Eggs of <I>Aedes albopictus<\/I> (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"44","author":"X Guo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60342-5","article-title":"Impact of dengue\/dengue hemorrhagic fever on the developing world","volume":"53","author":"DJ Gubler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242173","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1242173","article-title":"The effect of temperature on dengue virus transmission by Aedes mosquitoes","volume":"13","author":"Z Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315492.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1105.041063","article-title":"Dengue fever, Hawaii, 2001-2002","volume":"11","author":"PV Effler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref058","first-page":"118","article-title":"Vertical transmission of dengue 1 virus by Haemagogus equinus mosquitoes","volume":"7","author":"M de Souza","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315492.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081653","article-title":"Uncovering the Worldwide Diversity and Evolution of the Virome of the Mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus","volume":"9","author":"R Parry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315492.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030271","article-title":"Mosquito Small RNA Responses to West Nile and Insect-Specific Virus Infections in Aedes and Culex Mosquito Cells","volume":"11","author":"GP G\u00f6ertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2021.01.007","article-title":"Insect-Specific Viruses: An overview and their relationship to arboviruses of concern to humans and animals","volume":"557","author":"VL Carvalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0315492.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14622","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204787109","article-title":"Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication","volume":"109","author":"F Nasar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315492.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020147","article-title":"Entomological Assessment of the Status and Risk of Mosquito-borne Arboviral Transmission in Ghana","volume":"12","author":"M Amoa-Bosompem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315492.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00551-21","article-title":"Profiling of RNA Viruses in Biting Midges (Ceratopogonidae) and Related Diptera from Kenya Using Metagenomics and Metabarcoding Analysis","volume":"6","author":"SK Langat","year":"2021","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315492.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02036-15","article-title":"Divergent Viruses Discovered in Arthropods and Vertebrates Revise the Evolutionary History of the Flaviviridae and Related Viruses","volume":"90","author":"M Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref066","article-title":"The Acute bee paralysis virus-Kashmir bee virus-Israeli acute paralysis virus complex","author":"JR de Miranda","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Invertebr Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315492.ref067","article-title":"Insecticidal and repellent activity of Siparuna guianensis Aubl. (Negramina) against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus","volume":"10","author":"RWS Aguiar","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0315492.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000856","article-title":"C6\/36 Aedes albopictus cells have a dysfunctional antiviral RNA interference response","volume":"4","author":"DE Brackney","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0315492.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2020.02.005","article-title":"Exploiting insect-specific viruses as a novel strategy to control vector-borne disease","volume":"39","author":"EI Patterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Insect Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315492.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252369","article-title":"A survey of mosquito-borne and insect-specific viruses in hospitals and livestock markets in western Kenya","volume":"16","author":"T Chiuya","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315492.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veaa026","article-title":"Origin and evolution of dengue virus type 2 causing outbreaks in Kenya: Evidence of circulation of two cosmopolitan genotype lineages","volume":"6","author":"SK Langat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Evol"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315492","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T17:58:02Z","timestamp":1751479082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315492"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Pando-Robles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315492","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]}}}