{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:41Z","timestamp":1787022161258,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"SNSF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018.0801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018.0801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"SNSF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P1FRP1_199872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1FRP1_199872"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["162306"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["162306"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Birth weight is considered as an important indicator of environmental conditions during prenatal development. Molecular mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications, play central roles in the body\u2019s adaptation to ever-changing environmental conditions. Twin study designs offer a powerful approach for distinguishing environmental from genetic effects. Specifically, within-pair comparisons of monozygotic twins can be used to differentiate unique individual environmental factors from shared environmental and genetic contributions. Notably, numerous studies in monozygotic twins have shown associations between prenatal environment and birth weight discordance (BWD), and suggested a potential involvement of gene expression and epigenetic factors mediating the association.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct a scoping review of the literature on definitions of BWD and on epigenetic modifications and gene expression changes associated with BWD in twins.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE(R) databases and included 34 twin studies focusing on birth weight and epigenetic or gene expression outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a lack of consensus on BWD values when comparing groups of twins for their risks of perinatal mortality and morbidity, which vary between 15\u201330% depending on the type of placentation and gestational age. The gene expression twin studies measured mostly metabolism-related candidate genes in placental tissues. Only small-scale twin studies measured BWD associated with gene expression patterns on genome-wide level using neonatal cells. Most DNA methylation twin studies conducted epigenome-level analyses, and studies differ substantially in terms of tissue type and age of the children. Differences in DNA methylation patterns measured in blood or saliva samples of the twins later in life were mostly in genes related to signal transduction, cell differentiation and proliferation processes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcriptional changes of placental glucose transporters and hypoxia-induced proteins possibly reflect compensatory processes in twin pregnancies. Gene ontology analysis of the differentially methylated genes associated with BWD pointed to transcription regulation and tissue development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T18:32:17Z","timestamp":1763577137000},"page":"e0315549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Birth weight discordance, gene expression, and DNA methylation: A scoping review of epigenetic twin studies"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5864-7032","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dany Laure","family":"Wadji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9550-7730","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zsofia","family":"Nemoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Martin-Soelch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Booij","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Wicky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149252","article-title":"Variations in Multiple Birth Rates and Impact on Perinatal Outcomes in Europe","volume":"11","author":"A Heino","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315549.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.12.127","article-title":"Embryo transfer practices and multiple births resulting from assisted reproductive technology: an opportunity for prevention","volume":"103","author":"DM Kissin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315549.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34803-4","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology-related multiple births: Canada in an international context","volume":"33","author":"JL Cook","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref004","article-title":"Multiple births and low birth weight: Evidence from South Korea","volume":"34","author":"H Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Hum Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-019-0480-8","article-title":"Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy","volume":"18","author":"EM Kamai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aogh.2016.01.008","article-title":"Effects of Environmental Exposures on Fetal and Childhood Growth Trajectories","volume":"82","author":"T Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1017\/S0965539516000012","article-title":"A systematic review of birth weight discordance and perinatal outcomes","volume":"25","author":"S Jahanfar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fet Matern Med Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0315549.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0427-5","article-title":"Birth weight discordance in very low birth weight twins: mortality, morbidity, and neurodevelopment","volume":"39","author":"NS Boghossian","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(00)55604-X","article-title":"Twin birth weight discordance and risk of preterm birth","volume":"183","author":"MS Cooperstock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315549.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2012.121","article-title":"Discordance in neonatal risk factors and early childhood outcomes of very low birth weight (<1.5\u2009kg) twins","volume":"33","author":"KJ Steingass","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31821fd208","article-title":"Definition of intertwin birth weight discordance","volume":"118","author":"FM Breathnach","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.18966","article-title":"Weight discordance and perinatal mortality in twin pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"F D\u2019Antonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S115515","article-title":"Adverse maternal outcomes and birth weight discordance in twin gestation: British Columbia, Canadian data","volume":"9","author":"S Jahanfar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-31143-2_84-1","article-title":"Epigenetic consequences of low birth-weight and preterm birth in adult twins.","volume-title":"Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics","author":"Q. Tan","year":"2017"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0315549.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2020.1827713","article-title":"Birth weight associations with DNA methylation differences in an adult population","volume":"16","author":"RA Madden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-020-00952-z","article-title":"Childhood DNA methylation as a marker of early life rapid weight gain and subsequent overweight","volume":"13","author":"N Robinson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-55530-0_65","article-title":"Effect of epigenetic differences in identical twins.","volume-title":"Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics","author":"TL Schwab","year":"2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09671-3","article-title":"Meta-analysis of epigenome-wide association studies in neonates reveals widespread differential DNA methylation associated with birthweight","volume":"10","author":"LK K\u00fcpers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0285-3","article-title":"Birth weight-for-gestational age is associated with DNA methylation at birth and in childhood","volume":"8","author":"G Agha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01537-x","article-title":"TET (Ten-eleven translocation) family proteins: structure, biological functions and applications","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0315549.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv119","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of DNA methylation associated with birth weight and gestational age","volume":"24","author":"AJ Simpkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0315549.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12696","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312696","article-title":"A Critical Review of Statistical Methods for Twin Studies Relating Exposure to Early Life Health Conditions","volume":"18","author":"S Fasola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdellaoui A, Ehli EA, Hottenga J-J, Weber Z, Mbarek H, Willemsen G et al. CNV Concordance in 1,097 MZ Twin Pairs. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18(1):1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2014.86"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315549.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2015.84","article-title":"Impact of Early Environment on Children\u2019s Mental Health: Lessons From DNA Methylation Studies With Monozygotic Twins","volume":"18","author":"J Chiarella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-016-9782-6","article-title":"The Prenatal Environment in Twin Studies: A Review on Chorionicity","volume":"46","author":"K Marceau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Genet"},{"issue":"6641","key":"pone.0315549.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6641.134-b","article-title":"Low birth weight and hypertension","volume":"297","author":"DJ Barker","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2011.00016","article-title":"Epigenetics of early child development","volume":"2","author":"C Murgatroyd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-40-43","article-title":"Intrauterine growth pattern and birthweight discordance in twin pregnancies: a retrospective study","volume":"40","author":"G Puccio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2193","article-title":"Clinical outcome and placental territory ratio of monochorionic twin pregnancies and selective intrauterine growth restriction with different types of umbilical artery Doppler","volume":"29","author":"YL Chang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.18914","article-title":"Significance of placental cord insertion site in twin pregnancy","volume":"52","author":"E Kalafat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.83.3.F165","article-title":"Assessing outcomes in twin-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"83","author":"M Chiswick","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.77.3.F235","article-title":"Dichorionic twins discordant for intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"77","author":"NJ Sebire","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref033","first-page":"241","article-title":"Twin pregnancies discordant for single umbilical artery","volume":"58","author":"BD Byers","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Reprod Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2118","article-title":"Adiponectin and leptin concentrations in dichorionic twins with discordant and concordant growth","volume":"94","author":"S Mazaki-Tovi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315549.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/jmf.13.4.230.236","article-title":"Risk factors for intrapair birth weight discordance in twins","volume":"13","author":"S Sannoh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211683","article-title":"The association between inter-twin birth weight discordance and hepatitis C: The United States 2011-2015 twin birth registration data","volume":"14","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315549.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932017000050","article-title":"Modelling the risk factors for birth weight in twin gestations: a quantile regression approach","volume":"49","author":"AJ Michael","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315549.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2003.210","article-title":"Birth weight discordancy and adverse perinatal outcomes among twin gestations in the United States: the effect of placental abruption","volume":"188","author":"CV Ananth","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0315549.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1675769","article-title":"Association between the Degree of Twin Birthweight Discordance and Perinatal Outcomes","volume":"36","author":"LH Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref040","first-page":"474","article-title":"Fetal and neonatal mortality among twin gestations in the United States: the role of intrapair birth weight discordance","volume":"100","author":"K Demissie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0315549.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3915","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1843627","article-title":"Defining intertwin birth weight discordance and optimal delivery time in dichorionic twins: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315549.ref042","first-page":"310","article-title":"Perinatal outcome, placental pathology, and severity of discordance in monochorionic and dichorionic twins","volume":"97","author":"A Victoria","year":"2001","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.125745","article-title":"The ninety-fifth percentile for growth discordance predicts complications of twin pregnancy","volume":"187","author":"ME Redman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000104060.37475.29","article-title":"Is discordant growth in twins an independent risk factor for adverse neonatal outcome?","volume":"103","author":"RC Amaru","year":"2004","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315549.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.13062","article-title":"Short- and long-term perinatal outcome in twin pregnancies affected by weight discordance","volume":"96","author":"C Vedel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04417-4","article-title":"Assessment of different thresholds of birthweight discordance for early neonatal outcomes: retrospective analysis of 2348 twin pregnancies","volume":"22","author":"S Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315549.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.126961","article-title":"Size-discordant twin pairs have higher perinatal mortality rates than nondiscordant pairs","volume":"187","author":"RS Hartley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref048","article-title":"Increased expression and altered methylation of HERVWE1 in the human placentas of smaller fetuses from monozygotic, dichorionic, discordant twins","volume":"7","author":"Y Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref049","article-title":"DAVID: a web server for functional enrichment analysis and functional annotation of gene lists (2021 update","volume":"50","author":"BT Sherman","year":"2022","journal-title":"). Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2008.211","article-title":"Systematic and integrative analysis of large gene lists using DAVID bioinformatics resources","volume":"4","author":"DW Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0315549.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gat048","article-title":"Leptin is differentially expressed and epigenetically regulated across monochorionic twin placenta with discordant fetal growth","volume":"19","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref052","article-title":"Placental erythropoietin expression is upregulated in growth-restricted fetuses with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings: a case\u2013control study of monochorionic twins","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03744-2","article-title":"Placental glucose transporter 1 and 3 gene expression in Monochorionic twin pregnancies with selective fetal growth restriction","volume":"21","author":"Y-L Chang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315549.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13050752","article-title":"Effect of hypoxia on glucose transporter 1 and 3 gene expression in placental mesenchymal stem cells derived from growth-restricted fetuses","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genes"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315549.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.12.010","article-title":"Human placental glucose transport in fetoplacental growth and metabolism","volume":"1866","author":"NP Illsley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0315549.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-021-00699-9","article-title":"Role of Placental Glucose Transporters in Determining Fetal Growth","volume":"29","author":"NP Joshi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2017.66","article-title":"Expression of Homeobox Gene HLX and its Downstream Target Genes are Altered in Placentae From Discordant Twin Pregnancies","volume":"21","author":"N Yuen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315549.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14335","article-title":"miRNA-210-3p regulates trophoblast proliferation and invasiveness through fibroblast growth factor 1 in selective intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"23","author":"L Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"HD McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0315549.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21889","article-title":"Multiple environmental and genetic factors influence skeletal muscle PGC-1alpha and PGC-1beta gene expression in twins","volume":"114","author":"C Ling","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315549.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1172","article-title":"Genetic and nongenetic determinants of skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 messenger ribonucleic acid levels and insulin action in twins","volume":"91","author":"H Storgaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.140673","article-title":"Regulation of skeletal muscle PPAR delta mRNA expression in twins","volume":"584","author":"E Nilsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0315549.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1812","article-title":"Relationships of plasma adiponectin level and adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 gene expression to insulin sensitivity and glucose and fat metabolism in monozygotic and dizygotic twins","volume":"92","author":"H Storgaard","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315549.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.2337\/db05-1462","article-title":"The intrauterine environment as reflected by birth size and twin and zygosity status influences insulin action and intracellular glucose metabolism in an age- or time-dependent manner","volume":"55","author":"P Poulsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315549.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14156","article-title":"Elevated levels of macromolecular damage are correlated with increased nitric oxide synthase expression in erythrocytes isolated from twin neonates","volume":"174","author":"KN Dugmonits","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315549.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.4161\/epi.6.5.15072","article-title":"Expression discordance of monozygotic twins at birth: effect of intrauterine environment and a possible mechanism for fetal programming","volume":"6","author":"L Gordon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315549.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2020.1737355","article-title":"Aberrant hydroxymethylation of ANGPTL4 is associated with selective intrauterine growth restriction in monochorionic twin pregnancies","volume":"15","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epigenetics"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2023.11.006","article-title":"TET2-mediated DNA hydroxymethylation of TGFB1 is related to selective intrauterine growth restriction in monochorionic twin pregnancies","volume":"144","author":"J Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8628(19960122)61:3<209::AID-AJMG4>3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"X-chromosome inactivation is mostly random in placental tissues of female monozygotic twins and triplets","volume":"61","author":"F Bamforth","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315549.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-018-0092-0","article-title":"Genomic imprinting disorders: lessons on how genome, epigenome and environment interact","volume":"20","author":"D Monk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315549.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30316","article-title":"Evidence for monozygotic twin (MZ) discordance in methylation level at two CpG sites in the promoter region of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene","author":"J Mill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-12-115","article-title":"Association of COMT genotypes with S-COMT promoter methylation in growth-discordant monozygotic twins and healthy adults","volume":"12","author":"F Schreiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0315549.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq336","article-title":"DNA methylation analysis of multiple tissues from newborn twins reveals both genetic and intrauterine components to variation in the human neonatal epigenome","volume":"19","author":"M Ollikainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1868-7083-6-6","article-title":"11p15 DNA-methylation analysis in monozygotic twins with discordant intrauterine development due to severe twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome","volume":"6","author":"F Schreiner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315549.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103639","article-title":"Birth weight, working memory and epigenetic signatures in IGF2 and related genes: a MZ twin study","volume":"9","author":"A C\u00f3rdova-Palomera","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315549.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.136598.111","article-title":"Neonatal DNA methylation profile in human twins is specified by a complex interplay between intrauterine environmental and genetic factors, subject to tissue-specific influence","volume":"22","author":"L Gordon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315549.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-5-r42","article-title":"Longitudinal, genome-scale analysis of DNA methylation in twins from birth to 18 months of age reveals rapid epigenetic change in early life and pair-specific effects of discordance","volume":"14","author":"D Martino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315549.ref078","article-title":"Adult monozygotic twins discordant for intra-uterine growth have indistinguishable genome-wide DNA methylation profiles","volume":"14","author":"NYP Souren","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688464","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.688464","article-title":"Predicting Complex Traits and Exposures From Polygenic Scores and Blood and Buccal DNA Methylation Profiles","volume":"12","author":"VV Odintsova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1868-7083-5-18","article-title":"Developmental genes targeted for epigenetic variation between twin-twin transfusion syndrome children","volume":"5","author":"CJ Marsit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-016-0238-x","article-title":"Genome-wide placental DNA methylation analysis of severely growth-discordant monochorionic twins reveals novel epigenetic targets for intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"8","author":"M Roifman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"key":"pone.0315549.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20181","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20181","article-title":"The promoter methylomes of monochorionic twin placentas reveal intrauterine growth restriction-specific variations in the methylation patterns","volume":"6","author":"Z He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0315549.ref083","article-title":"Placental DNA methylation analysis of selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic twins reveals aberrant methylated CYP11A1 gene for fetal growth restriction","volume":"37","author":"D Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315549.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23503","article-title":"Birth weight discordance, DNA methylation, and cortical morphology of adolescent monozygotic twins","volume":"38","author":"KF Casey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-1062","article-title":"Epigenetic signature of birth weight discordance in adult twins","volume":"15","author":"Q Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2012.06.004","article-title":"Twins for epigenetic studies of human aging and development","volume":"12","author":"Q Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315549.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt094","article-title":"Metabolomic markers reveal novel pathways of ageing and early development in human populations","volume":"42","author":"C Menni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315549.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2015.76","article-title":"DNA Methylation Changes in the IGF1R Gene in Birth Weight Discordant Adult Monozygotic Twins","volume":"18","author":"P-C Tsai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Twin Res Hum Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315549.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/ahg.12146","article-title":"Differentially Methylated Genomic Regions in Birth-Weight Discordant Twin Pairs","volume":"80","author":"M Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Hum Genet"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0315549.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4774","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds300","article-title":"Genome-wide association analysis identifies TYW3\/CRYZ and NDST4 loci associated with circulating resistin levels","volume":"21","author":"Q Qi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315549.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3204","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2695-x","article-title":"Adult glucose metabolism in extremely birthweight-discordant monozygotic twins","volume":"55","author":"M Frost","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315549.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy081","article-title":"Genetic and environmental factors affecting birth size variation: a pooled individual-based analysis of secular trends and global geographical differences using 26 twin cohorts","volume":"47","author":"Y Yokoyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315549.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00896-x","article-title":"Distinction between the effects of parental and fetal genomes on fetal growth","volume":"53","author":"T Juliusdottir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0315549.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-025-06420-8","article-title":"The genetics of low and high birthweight and their relationship with cardiometabolic disease","volume":"68","author":"G-H Moen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0315549.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2015.08.008","article-title":"Altered gene expression of H19 and IGF2 in placentas from ART pregnancies","volume":"36","author":"S Sakian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-0716-9","article-title":"Epigenome-wide meta-analysis of blood DNA methylation in newborns and children identifies numerous loci related to gestational age","volume":"12","author":"SK Merid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315549.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.31.3.04","article-title":"Estimating gestational age at birth: a population-based derivation-validation study","volume":"31","author":"ML Urquia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chronic Dis Inj Can"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83016-3","article-title":"Identification of epigenetic memory candidates associated with gestational age at birth through analysis of methylome and transcriptional data","volume":"11","author":"K Kashima","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-021-01053-1","article-title":"Birthweight DNA methylation signatures in infant saliva","volume":"13","author":"C Moccia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epigenetics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315549.ref100","first-page":"35","article-title":"New insights into the (epi)genetics of twinning","volume":"39","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"}],"container-title":["PLOS One"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T18:32:34Z","timestamp":1763577154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315549"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xiuchun","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"references-count":100,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315549","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2024.11.28.625968","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]}}}