{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:07:24Z","timestamp":1782968844219,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are crucial for diagnosing malaria in resource-limited settings. These tests, which detect the histidine-rich protein 2 (PfHRP2) and its structural homologue PfHRP3, are specifically designed to identify <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>. Deletion of the <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> gene in parasite has been reported in India and other malaria-endemic countries. Therefore, periodic surveillance of <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> genetic deletions is crucial. We conducted a study to examine these gene deletions in <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> isolates from nine malaria-endemic states in India. In this study, we analyzed 1,558 samples that were microscopically confirmed to be <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic> positive. We isolated genomic DNA from all the aforementioned samples, followed by PCR amplification of the <jats:italic>Pfhrp2\/3<\/jats:italic> gene. The results showed that the deletion rates for <jats:italic>Pfhrp2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pfhrp3<\/jats:italic> genes were 0.44% and 1.47%, respectively. These findings indicate that the gene deletions in all nine states are at low level. Despite these low deletion rates, continuous surveillance is crucial to monitor the efficiency of HRP2 based malaria RDTs. It is recommend that conducting large-scale studies which include other endemic states in India to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the prevalence and impact of these gene deletions over time. This ongoing surveillance will ensure that diagnostic strategies remain effective and that any emerging trends in gene deletions are promptly addressed to achieve the malaria control and elimination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315662","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T18:30:43Z","timestamp":1734546643000},"page":"e0315662","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Low prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 gene deletions in malaria-endemic states of India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sri","family":"Krishna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0296-8296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shrikant","family":"Nema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruchika","family":"Sangle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amreen","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akansha","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil K.","family":"Verma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkatachalam","family":"Udhayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aparup","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anup R.","family":"Anvikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1511-7503","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Praveen K.","family":"Bharti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0315662.ref001","unstructured":"World malaria report 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-malaria-programme\/reports\/world-malaria-report-2023"},{"key":"pone.0315662.ref002","unstructured":"Malaria:: National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control (NCVBDC). https:\/\/nvbdcp.gov.in\/index1.php?lang=1&level=1&sublinkid=5784&lid=3689"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0315662.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-020-1888-5","article-title":"Malaria Elimination in India: Bridging the Gap Between Control and Elimination","volume":"57","author":"S Nema","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315662.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30544-4","article-title":"Strengthening diagnosis is key to eliminating malaria in India","volume":"19","author":"S Nema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315662.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.12.004","article-title":"HRP2: Transforming Malaria Diagnosis, but with Caveats","volume":"36","author":"KE Poti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315662.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/21.4.815","article-title":"A central role for Plasmodium falciparum subtelomeric regions in spatial positioning and telomere length regulation","volume":"21","author":"LM Figueiredo","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315662.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2007.05.005","article-title":"Genome wide gene amplifications and deletions in Plasmodium falciparum","volume":"155","author":"U Ribacke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0315662.ref008","unstructured":"Response plan to pfhrp2 gene deletions. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/WHO-CDS-GMP-2019.02"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315662.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8091","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008091","article-title":"A large proportion of P. falciparum isolates in the Amazon region of Peru lack pfhrp2 and pfhrp3: implications for malaria rapid diagnostic tests","volume":"5","author":"D Gamboa","year":"2010","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315662.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0157949","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157949","article-title":"Prevalence of pfhrp2 and\/or pfhrp3 Gene Deletion in Plasmodium falciparum Population in Eight Highly Endemic States in India","volume":"11","author":"PK Bharti","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0315662.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1555-4","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of artemether\u2013lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria from three highly malarious states in India","volume":"15","author":"PK Bharti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315662.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03762-7","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in four malaria endemic states of India","volume":"20","author":"S Krishna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315662.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.015","article-title":"Genetic deletion of HRP2 and HRP3 in Indian Plasmodium falciparum population and false negative malaria rapid diagnostic test","volume":"125","author":"N Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"pone.0315662.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105232","article-title":"Pfhrp2\/3 gene deletion and genetic variation in PfHRP2-based RDTs with P. falciparum positive samples from India and its implication on malaria control","volume":"99","author":"MS Kumari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315662.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4103\/tp.tp_19_22","article-title":"Prevalence of histidine-rich protein 2 deletion among the Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Kolkata","volume":"13","author":"A Acharya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315662.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2502-3","article-title":"High proportions of pfhrp2 gene deletion and performance of HRP2-based rapid diagnostic test in Plasmodium falciparum field isolates of Odisha","volume":"17","author":"P Pati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315662.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-3090-6","article-title":"Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum field isolates with deletions in histidine-rich protein 2 and 3 genes in context with sub-Saharan Africa and India: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"LP Kojom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"pone.0315662.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-9943-9_10","volume-title":"Automated Diagnostic Techniques in Medical Microbiology","author":"S Nema","year":"2024"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315662.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.ijph_1646_21","article-title":"Malaria hemozoin: A target for point-of-care diagnosis","volume":"66","author":"S. Nema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0315662.ref020","first-page":"trac055","article-title":"Limited genetic diversity and expression profile of Plasmodium falciparum haem detoxification protein: a possible diagnostic target","author":"S Nema","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315662.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6307","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62850-x","article-title":"Glutamate dehydrogenase: a novel candidate to diagnose Plasmodium falciparum through rapid diagnostic test in blood specimen from fever patients","volume":"10","author":"LD Kori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315662","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]],"date-time":"2024-12-18T18:30:51Z","timestamp":1734546651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315662"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Henk","family":"Schallig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315662","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,18]]}}}