{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:22:55Z","timestamp":1789611775463,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Non-adherence to cardiovascular medications is a global problem with clinical, economic, and humanistic consequences. Investigation of this problem may open the road for proper management of cardiovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our objectives were to assess the level of adherence to, and to examine factors influencing adherence to, cardiovascular medications in subjects visiting a heart center in Sudan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have conducted a cross-sectional study that assessed adherence to cardiovascular medications among subjects visiting outpatient cardiac clinics in a heart center-Khartoum State, Sudan. The validated Adherence to Refills and Medication Scale (ARMS) tool was used to assess the level of medication adherence. A score of &gt;16 was used as a cut-off point to categorize surveyed patients into non-adherent (e.g., 17\u201348) and adherent (e.g., 12\u201316) in ARMS.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) and inferential tests such as One-Way ANOVA and Binary regression were used for data analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 255 subjects were enrolled in this study. Slightly more than half the respondents were males (54.5%) and their ages ranged between (51\u201360 years), and have no insurance coverage (58%). Most of the subjects were married (60.4%), were from Khartoum-State (67.8%), and were unemployed (77.6%). About 39.6% had primary education while 34.5% had secondary (34.5%) education. Diabetes (56.1%) and hypertension (45.5%) were common among the study population. The results showed a high non-adherence prevalence rate (97.6%). The cited reasons for non-adherence include forgetfulness and the costs of refilling medications. Education and age were associated with the level of adherence. Those with high non-adherence behaviors were the more educated, younger and old patients, those not employed, and those having comorbid diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results generally showed a high level of non-adherence to cardiovascular medications, necessitating interventions to support patients\u2019 adherence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315672","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T13:35:05Z","timestamp":1738244105000},"page":"e0315672","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A cross-sectional study on the assessment of adherence to cardiovascular medications in Sudan heart center"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Adil","family":"A. Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3524-4825","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ali Awadallah","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim Ahmed","family":"Elnour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Nasreldin E. M.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4431-0196","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vineetha","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Semira","family":"Abdi Beshir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7396-8376","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sami","family":"Fatehi Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4435-3791","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abuelnor","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Baraka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fahad","family":"T. Alsulami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousef","family":"Saeed Alqarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Al Mazrouei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4260-1117","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Khalid","family":"Awad Al-Kubaisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8674-3603","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Israa","family":"Yousif El Khidir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6537-2786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kishore","family":"Ganana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulla","family":"Al Amoodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0315672.ref001","first-page":"4890","article-title":"Adherence in chronic disease","volume":"18","author":"J Dunbar-Jacob","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annual Review of Nursing Research"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref002","volume-title":"Overview of Non- Communicable Diseases (NCDs) and related risk factors","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref003","volume-title":"Adherence to Long-Term Therapies: Evidence for Action","author":"E Sabat\u00e9","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315672.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050100","article-title":"Adherence to medication","volume":"353","author":"L Osterberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.12.013","article-title":"Adherence to drugs that prevent cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis on 376,162 patients","volume":"125","author":"SH Naderi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0315672.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_904_20","article-title":"Adherence of heart failure patients to heart failure medications and its determinants in the Aseer region, Southern Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"HSM Raffaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref007","first-page":"e14253","article-title":"Evaluation of medication adherence among patients with chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia","volume":"00","author":"S Kurdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0315672.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55110715","article-title":"Knowledge about Disease, Medication Therapy, and Related Medication Adherence Levels among Patients with Hypertension","volume":"55","author":"A Gavrilova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S388365","article-title":"Medication adherence among hypertensive patients attending primary health centers in Abha, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"A. Thirunavukkarasu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Patient Preference and Adherence"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315672.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0171255","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171255","article-title":"Predictors of Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control among Saudi Hypertensive Patients Attending Primary Care Clinics: A CrossSectional Study.","volume":"12","author":"SM Khayyat","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref011","first-page":"111","article-title":"Adherence of Sudanese Coronary Artery Disease Patients to Secondary Prevention Medications at Elshaab Teaching Hospital, Sudan","volume":"1","author":"OBM Elhasan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sudan JMS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315672.ref012","first-page":"40","article-title":"Compliance to treatment and quality of life of Sudanese patients with heart failure","volume":"1","author":"Mugahed Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pharmaceut Medicinal Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315672.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5830\/CVJA-2017-016","article-title":"Medication adherence among cardiac patients in Khartoum State, Sudan: A cross-sectional study","volume":"28","author":"Abdelmoneim Awad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc J Afr. 2017"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref014","unstructured":"Annual statistical report,2017, Health Information DIVISION, Planning, Research and Development Department, General Administration of Medical Services, Ministry of Defence\u2013Sudan. Link and access day."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315672.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2008.00400.x","article-title":"Development and validation of the Adherence to Refills and Medication Scale(ARMS) among Low-Literacy Patients with Chronic Disease","volume":"12","author":"K Sunil","year":"2009","journal-title":"Value In Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315672.ref016","first-page":"1181","article-title":"Predictors of non-adherence to medications in hypertensive patients","volume":"52","author":"A Nikolic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315672.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3570","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.1599","article-title":"Association between health-related quality of life and nonadherence to antihypertensive medication","volume":"10","author":"KY Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nurs Open"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S238751","article-title":"Factors associated with antihypertensive medication non-adherence: A cross-sectional study among Lebanese hypertensive adults","volume":"14","author":"H Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Patient Prefer Adherence"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0315672.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2017.06.011","article-title":"Adherence to antihypertensive medications and associations with blood pressure among African Americans with hypertension in the Jackson Heart Study","volume":"11","author":"MJ Butler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0315672.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12562","article-title":"Access to care, treatment ambivalence, medication nonadherence, and long-term mortality among severely hypertensive African Americans: A prospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"JH Young","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E42","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd20.220231","article-title":"Determinants of adherence to antihypertension medications among patients at a tertiary care hospital in Islamabad, Pakistan, 2019","volume":"20","author":"N Noreen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315672.ref022","first-page":"592","article-title":"Adherence to cardiovascular therapy medications and factors associated with non-adherence among cardiac patients\u2019 who attending outpatient clinic at Al Nasiriyah Heart Center","volume":"16","author":"QA Khasal","year":"2022","journal-title":"PJMHS"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315672.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0251115","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0251115","article-title":"Adherence to cardiovascular pharmacotherapy by patients in Iraq: A mixed methods assessment using quantitative dried blood spot analysis and the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale","volume":"16","author":"A Alalaqi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-020-00151-1","article-title":"Treatment adherence among patients with hypertension: Findings from a cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"FM Algabbani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315672.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v20i3.42","article-title":"Adherence to drug therapy among hypertensive patients attending two district hospitals in Ghana","volume":"20","author":"E Sarkodie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315672.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-018-0888-z","article-title":"Non-adherence to antihypertensive pharmacotherapy in Buea, Cameroon: A cross-sectional community-based study","volume":"18","author":"NM Adidja","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315672.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3139-6","article-title":"Antihypertensive medication adherence and associated factors among adult hypertensive patients at Jimma University Specialized Hospital, southwest Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"SW Asgedom","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315672.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000251","article-title":"Adherence to antihypertensive medication in older adults with hypertension","volume":"31","author":"SH Lo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315672.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.169573","article-title":"Assessment of adherence to cardiovascular medicines in rural population: An observational study in patients attending a tertiary care hospital","volume":"47","author":"G. Santra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315672.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.26719\/2015.21.5.309","article-title":"Predictors of adherence to antihypertensive medication in northern United Arab Emirates","volume":"21","author":"RJ Bader","year":"2015","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315672.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.12.013","article-title":"Predictors of self-reported adherence to antihypertensive medicines: A multinational, cross-sectional survey","volume":"18","author":"VL Morrison","year":"2015","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315672.ref032","first-page":"e33995","article-title":"Medication adherence in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and hypertensive crisis presenting to a hospital setting in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"15","author":"FS Yousuf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315672.ref033","first-page":"e36345","article-title":"Comparing medication non-adherence in cardiovascular disease patients at public and private hospitals in Peshawar: A cross-sectional study of prevalence and contributing factors","volume":"15","author":"A Saeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4236\/ojcd.2021.112002","article-title":"Patient and health system related factors associated with non-adherence to antihypertensive medication among patients at Chuka Referral Hospital, Kenya","volume":"11","author":"C Gikunda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Journal of Clinical Diagnostics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315672.ref035","first-page":"557","article-title":"Self-reported adherence and reasons for nonadherence among patients with low proportion of days covered for antihypertension medications","volume":"29","author":"AY Kharmats","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Manag Care Spec Pharm"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-022-02907-z","article-title":"Non-adherence to antihypertensive medications in Lebanese adults hospitalized for hypertensive urgency and its cost","volume":"22","author":"H Abbas","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315672.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-021-00646-w","article-title":"Measuring adherence to antihypertensive medication using an objective test in older adults attending primary care: Cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"JP Sheppard","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0315672.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24654","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000024654","article-title":"Nonadherence to antihypertensive medications amongst patients with uncontrolled hypertension: A retrospective study","volume":"100","author":"S Kulkarni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315672.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13448","article-title":"Direct assessment of adherence and drug interactions in patients with hypertensive crisis: A cross-sectional study in the Emergency Department","volume":"21","author":"M Wallbach","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"686","key":"pone.0315672.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e621","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp19X705077","article-title":"Measuring adherence to therapy in apparent treatment-resistant hypertension: A feasibility study in Irish primary care","volume":"69","author":"P Hayes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0315672.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.46747\/cfp.6807520","article-title":"Primary medication nonadherence in a large primary care population: Observational study from Manitoba","volume":"68","author":"AG Singer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315672.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000002398","article-title":"Nonadherence to antihypertensive medications is related to pill burden in apparent treatment-resistant hypertensive individuals","volume":"38","author":"AJ Lawson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315672.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_422_18","article-title":"Assessment of compliance to treatment of hypertension and diabetes among previously diagnosed patients in urban slums of Belapur, Navi Mumbai, India","volume":"63","author":"SP Kotian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315672.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0000000000000582","article-title":"Factors associated with nonadherence to cardiovascular medications: A cross-sectional study","volume":"34","author":"DM Van der Laan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Nurs"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0315672.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.4850","article-title":"A concept-wide association study to identify potential risk factors for nonadherence among prevalent users of antihypertensives","volume":"28","author":"K Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0315672.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12786","article-title":"Nonadherence to antihypertensive medication among hypertensive adults in the United States- HealthStyles, 2010","volume":"18","author":"X Tong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315672.ref047","first-page":"54","article-title":"Prevalence of non-adherence to antihypertensive pharmacotherapy and associated factors","volume":"68","author":"S Barreto Mda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Bras Enferm"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0315672.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0918-y","article-title":"Improving Medication Adherence in Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"19","author":"LL Zullig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315672.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.13189\/app.2022.100401","article-title":"A clinical pharmacist-led educational intervention to promote medication adherence for Sudanese patients with heart failure: A Prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Kannan O. Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Pharmacology and Pharmacy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315672.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2010.0575","article-title":"Medication adherence: WHO cares?","volume":"86","author":"MT Brown","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0315672.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2011.38","article-title":"Patient medication adherence: measures in daily practice","volume":"26","author":"B Jimmy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"pone.0315672.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmacy11040124","article-title":"What Are the Drug-Related Problems Still Faced by Patients in Daily Life?\u2014A Qualitative Analysis at the Pharmacy Counter","volume":"11","author":"S. Kaae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacy"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325308","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,27]],"date-time":"2025-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748304000000}}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315672","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T13:35:18Z","timestamp":1738244118000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315672"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Muhammad Junaid","family":"Farrukh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315672","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]}}}