{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T16:06:46Z","timestamp":1782317206835,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Projects of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant 81827803 and 81727804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant 81827803 and 81727804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82151311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82151311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NP2024102, NJ2024016 and NJ2024029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NP2024102, NJ2024016 and NJ2024029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013085","name":"Program for Jiangsu Provincial Excellent Scientific and Technological Innovation Team","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024ZB661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZB661"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec011\">\n<jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To evaluate the effects of axial length and slot-to-slot distance of double-slot microwave antenna (DSMA) with frequency of 433 MHz on the size and shape of ablation zones created under different input microwave powers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec012\">\n<jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The design of double slot microwave antennas (DSMAs) with axial lengths (70\u2009mm, 30\u2009mm) and slot-to-slot distance (49\u2009mm, 10\u2009mm) were optimized by numerical simulation and <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> liver experiments. Finite-element method simulations and forty ablations of swine liver were employed to obtain the temperature distributions within liver tissue using DSMAs at the 433 MHz operating frequency in a range of heating powers (20, 30, 40 and 50W) for 600\u2009s. The dependence of the effectiveness of MWA on the axial length and slot-to-slot distance of antenna as well as the input power was further evaluated by analyzing morphologic characteristics of ablated zone.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec013\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Two-zone ablation was achieved by two types of double-slot antennas in our study with frequency of 433 MHz, and the observed shapes of <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> experimental ablation zones were in good agreement with patterns predicted by simulation models. The ablation zone exhibited a \u2018gourd\u2019 shape after the treatment using the antenna with longer axial length and slot-to-slot distance, while the short antenna caused a guitar-shape ablation in liver tissue after MWA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec014\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The dedicated design of our DSMAs with a frequency of 433 MHz could enable new ablation shapes with controllable dimensions, which can be applied to the clinical treatment of MWA for gourd-shaped liver tumors and other long-shaped tumors. Furthermore, research can be conducted on how to design the antenna as flexible and use it for the treatment of pulmonary nodules or varicose veins.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,11]],"date-time":"2025-02-11T18:45:31Z","timestamp":1739299531000},"page":"e0315678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effect of 433 MHz double-slot microwave antennas for double-zone ablation in ex vivo swine liver 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