{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T18:18:35Z","timestamp":1765995515582,"version":"3.35.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Regionally anticoagulated continuous renal replacement therapy with citrate is the first choice for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury. If citrate that reaches the patient exceeds the metabolic capacity, metabolic alkalosis will follow. Bicarbonate from the treatment fluids will also reach the patient and add to the bicarbonate load. Net buffer load is a parameter calculated by the dialysis machine software from the treatment fluid contents, the fluid flows and the filter properties. Each time the treatment settings are altered the net buffer load will be re-calculated. This parameter is integrated as a static safety parameter in the Prismax version 3 software, and will guide the operator on a possible development of metabolic alkalosis with the current settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Algorithms for estimating the net buffer load were developed. Hourly clinical data from electronic medical records from 60 patients\u2019 continuous renal replacement treatments at the Adult Intensive Care Unit, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden was used to simulate net buffer load. The relation between net buffer load and acid base status at steady state was evaluated. Net buffer load was also calculated from three previous studies for comparison to our present cohort.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean net buffer load was +0.09 \u00b10.04 mmol\/h\/kg in the present cohort, and comparable to historic cohorts from literature. We could not establish a correlation to steady state arterial bicarbonate. The pre blood pump citrate containing replacement fluid flow rate was affecting net buffer load most of all parts of the dialysis circuit, with a r<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.65 (p&lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The net buffer load parameter can alert the operator on the expected impact of the dialysis circuit on patient\u2019s acid base status. It was possible to calculate realistic net buffer load values during 60 CRRT treatments.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T18:27:03Z","timestamp":1738261623000},"page":"e0315727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Net buffer load during regional citrate anticoagulated continuous renal replacement therapy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4387-2163","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Innas","family":"Forsal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Pouchoulin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktoria","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Echeverri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcus Ewert","family":"Broman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0315727.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury","author":"ISN, Acute kidney injury work group","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl: Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome KDIGO"},{"key":"pone.0315727.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-1148-6","article-title":"Citrate anticoagulation for CRRT: don\u2019t always trust the postfilter iCa results!","volume":"19","author":"H.M. Oudemans-van Straaten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315727.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/cc5937","article-title":"Clinical review: Patency of the circuit in continuous renal replacement therapy","volume":"11","author":"M. Joannidis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0315727.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1990.300","article-title":"Regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous arteriovenous hemodialysis in critically ill patients","volume":"38","author":"R.L. Mehta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315727.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-017-1880-1","article-title":"Complications of regional citrate anticoagulation: accumulation or overload?","volume":"21","author":"A.G. Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315727.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-4099-0","article-title":"Citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy: an updated meta-analysis of RCTs","volume":"41","author":"M. Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0315727.ref007","first-page":"439","article-title":"Citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in patients with acute kidney injury admitted to the intensive care unit","volume":"2","author":"A. Davenport","year":"2009","journal-title":"NDT Plus"},{"key":"pone.0315727.ref008","first-page":"748320","article-title":"Citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: success and limits","author":"F. Mariano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol"},{"key":"pone.0315727.ref009","first-page":"354","volume-title":"Oh\u2019s Intensive Care Manual","author":"A.D. Bersten","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315727.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00850-4","article-title":"Low bicarbonate replacement fluid normalizes metabolic alkalosis during continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with regional citrate anticoagulation","volume":"11","author":"P. Koglberger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"pone.0315727.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-14-232","article-title":"Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration with a low citrate dose regional anticoagulation protocol and a phosphate-containing solution: effects on acid-base status and phosphate supplementation needs","volume":"14","author":"S. Morabito","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315727.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00040505","article-title":"A practical citrate anticoagulation continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration protocol for metabolic control and high solute clearance","volume":"1","author":"A.J. Tolwani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315727.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-03047-4","article-title":"Longitudinal trajectory of acidosis and mortality in acute kidney injury requiring continuous renal replacement therapy","volume":"23","author":"J. Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0315727.ref014","first-page":"328","article-title":"Acid-base physiology","volume":"46","author":"H.E. Adrogue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0315727.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-595X(83)80041-3","article-title":"Acid-base balance in metabolic acidoses","volume":"12","author":"D.G. Johnston","year":"1983","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0315727.ref016","first-page":"195","article-title":"Correlation of Arterial and Venous pH and Bicarbonate in Patients With Renal Failure","volume":"13","author":"F. Ayaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0315727.ref017","first-page":"72","article-title":"Characteristics of acid-base balance disorders in chronic nonspecific lung diseases","author":"E.B. Kobzar","year":"1983","journal-title":"Vrach Delo"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0315727.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-022-00437-8","article-title":"Analysis of acid-base disorders in an ICU cohort using a computer script","volume":"10","author":"I. Forsal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315727","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T18:27:10Z","timestamp":1738261630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315727"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Samuele","family":"Ceruti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0315727","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]}}}