{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T21:54:21Z","timestamp":1774648461527,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One of the actions taken to mitigate the climate change is research, development and demonstration (RD&amp;D) investments in renewable energy (RE) technology. In addition to domestic RD&amp;D spending, the import of foreign technologies, as a main channel of technology transfer, is another option to obtain higher share of renewable energies in order to achieve climate objectives. In this study, a panel dataset of 28 OECD member countries from 2011 to 2020 is analyzed, using the OLS, fixed-effects, and two-step system GMM methods, to assess the impacts of public spending on renewable energy RD&amp;D (RERD) and the import of renewable energy technologies on the energy-related CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions. To fully capture the significant regional differences, the 28 countries are re-divided into four regions in accordance with their renewable energy RD&amp;D investment level and total CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions. This study uniquely investigates the impact of RERD and importation\u2013as an alternative channel for obtaining renewable energy technologies\u2013on energy-related CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions in OECD countries, while also analyzing regional differences to inform targeted local policies. The findings reveal that CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emission is significantly and negatively affected by renewable energy imports, for the full panel as well as for Low-RERD and Low-Emission regions. Furthermore, only in High-RERD and High-Emission regions can renewable energy RD&amp;D decrease CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions. Accordingly, some policy implications are recommended concerning investments in renewable energy RD&amp;D and renewables import.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T18:56:36Z","timestamp":1735671396000},"page":"e0316020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Innovation or acquisition? 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