{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:17:34Z","timestamp":1789762654235,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec007\">\n<jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>To assess the rate and identify risk factors for proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in Nigerian patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec008\">\n<jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Multicenter, prospective, cross-sectional study of consecutive RRD patients attending four ophthalmic clinics, recruited over a period of twelve months. Biodata, presenting complaints, symptom duration, best corrected visual acuity, extent of RRD, status of macular attachment, presence, and grade of PVR and fellow eye were assessed. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22 (Pearson Chi-Square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Fisher\u2019s Exact test, and logistic regression analysis).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec009\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>154 of 174 eyes with RRD were included in the final analysis, and 53\/154 (34.4%) developed PVR. Twenty eyes (11.5%) had media opacity, and detailed retinal examination was not possible (diagnosed via B-scan ultrasound). 154 RRD was analyzed. Therefore, the rate of all PVR was53\/154 (34.4%). Grades of PVR: Grade D: 27 eyes (50.9%), Grade C: 19 eyes (35.9%), Grade B: 5 eyes (9.4%), and Grade A: 2 eyes (3.8%). The rate of advanced PVR grades D\u2009+\u2009C is 46\/154 (29.8%). Forty-six of 53 PVR eyes (86.6%) had vision 3\/60 or less (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Risk factors associated with PVR were extremes of age, i.e.,\u2009&lt;\u200925 and &gt;66 years (especially older age (&gt;66 years)), previous intraocular surgery, longer symptom duration, and RD features including 4-quadrant involvement, total RD, macular involvement by RD, and presence of fellow eye RD. Gender, Myopia, and trauma were not risks for PVR.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec010\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Previous reports of PVR rates in Nigerians may have been underestimated. A\u00a0multi-pronged\u00a0approach, including research into adjuvant pharmacotherapy, can reduce PVR rates and improve treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T17:26:34Z","timestamp":1753377994000},"page":"e0316058","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A multicenter study on rates and risk factors of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in a low-income economy"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6805-2427","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ogugua 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