{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T19:23:12Z","timestamp":1773948192584,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"General Project of Liaoning Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2023-MS-298"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-MS-298"]}]},{"name":"Liaoning Provincial Department of Education Basic Scientific Research Upper Level Project","award":["JYTMS20230866"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JYTMS20230866"]}]},{"name":"Project of Liaoning Provincial Doctoral Research Start-up Fund","award":["2019-BS-120"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-BS-120"]}]},{"name":"Guiding Project of Liaoning province Natural Science Foundation","award":["20180550297"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20180550297"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To investigate the influence of the fractured rock-concrete interface on the mechanical response of the rock mass and engineering, the mechanical properties and energy evolution of granite-concrete composite specimens with 16 different fracture inclinations were examined through uniaxial compression particle flow simulation. The results show that when the relative area is constant, the larger the fracture dip angle is, the compressive strength of the composite body presents a similar \u201cpeak\u201d type change; the dip angle appears to have the maximum value at 60 <jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup> and 90<jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup> and the minimum value at 0 <jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup> and 30 <jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup>, while the peak elastic modulus presents a \u201cwaterfall\u201d type change, and the maximum value appears at 90<jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup>. The crack types were classified as shear cracks, tensile cracks, secondary shear cracks, secondary tensile cracks, shear-dominated mixed cracks, and tension-dominated mixed cracks. From the crack distribution, it was found that the root cause of crack initiation and propagation was affected by the crack inclination angle. The damage degree increased gradually with the increase of crack inclination angle. When the crack inclination angle was constant, the deterioration degree of the specimen weakened with the increase of relative area s. The elastic energy consumption ratio increases with the shaft deformation, first rapidly and steeply decreasing to the steady inflection point, then slowly increasing to the rapid and steep increase, showing a \u201cfishhook\u201d shape. When the strength failure occurs, the growth speed increases suddenly, and the elastic energy consumption ratio increases suddenly after the <jats:italic>K<\/jats:italic> peak. This phenomenon can be used as the basis for the occurrence of strength failure and can be used as a qualitative judgment of strength failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0316124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T17:41:46Z","timestamp":1741628506000},"page":"e0316124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Deformation and energy damage characteristics of granite-concrete composite under uniaxial compression"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5467-362X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Qingwen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5549-0121","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuhan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengjiao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0316124.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0295675","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295675","article-title":"Mechanical characteristics and energy evolution of rock with circular hole defects","volume":"18","author":"Z Xuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0316124.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0305565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305565","article-title":"Investigation on uniaxial compression and fracture damage mode of prefabricated parallel double-jointed red sandstone","volume":"19","author":"X Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2024.104691","article-title":"Study on the characteristics of CO2 fracturing rock damage based on fractal theory","volume":"134","author":"K Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Theor Appl Fract Mechan"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2024.106095","article-title":"Implementing a simple 2D constitutive model for rocks into finite element method","author":"Z Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Comp Geotech"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2023.104035","article-title":"Research on crack evolution law and mechanical analysis of three cracked rock masses subjected to compression load","volume":"127","author":"J Qi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theor Appl Fract Mechan"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2023.103890","article-title":"Macro and meso crack evolution of granite specimens with non-straight fissures: A comparison between two bond models","volume":"125","author":"SY Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Theoret Appl Fract Mechan"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.131521","article-title":"Influence of interface roughness and rock type on mixed mode fracture characteristics of tunnel shotcrete-rock interface","volume":"386","author":"YZ Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr Build Mat"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2023.132405","article-title":"Effects of roughness on shear properties and acoustic emission characteristics of bonded rock-concrete interfaces","volume":"398","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Constr Build Mat"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2022.126986","article-title":"Influence of freeze\u2013thaw cycles and shear rate on sandstone-concrete interfacial bond strength: Experiment and degradation model","volume":"327","author":"X Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Constr Build Mat"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compgeo.2023.105616","article-title":"Towards boundary conditions in concrete-rock joint shearing with STAs profile by PFC2D","volume":"162","author":"K Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Computers and Geotechnics"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref011","first-page":"2023","article-title":"Experimental study on crack propagation process of rock\u2010concrete interface in hot\u2010dry curing environment at different temperatures","author":"P Liu","journal-title":"Struct Concr"},{"issue":"07","key":"pone.0316124.ref012","first-page":"157","article-title":"Study on tensile mechanical properties of sandstone-concrete bonding interface after high-temperature treatment","volume":"56","author":"HJ Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"China Civil Eng J"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3550597","article-title":"Mechanism analysis of the influence of freeze-thaw on the damage and debonding evolution of sandstone-concrete interface","author":"Y Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geofluids"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coldregions.2021.103359","article-title":"Debonding behaviors and micro-mechanism of the interface transition zone in sandstone-concrete interface in response to freeze-thaw conditions","volume":"191","author":"J Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Reg Sci Technol"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref015","article-title":"Experimental study on dynamic performance of rock-concrete composite with different thickness ratios","author":"Q Ping","year":"2022","journal-title":"Shock Vibrat"},{"issue":"03","key":"pone.0316124.ref016","first-page":"1062","article-title":"Mechanical properties of soft and hard interbedded rock under impact load","volume":"54","author":"YM Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Central South Univer (Science and Technology)"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0316124.ref017","first-page":"111","article-title":"Effects of strength ratio on energy dissipation of quasi-composite rock samples under impact load","volume":"42","author":"S Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Vibrat Shock"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref018","unstructured":"Shen KF. Experimental study on dynamic mechanical properties of rock-concrete composite. n.d."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0316124.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1111\/ffe.13886","article-title":"Effect of interface roughness on fracture energy and fracture process zone of rock\u2010concrete specimens","volume":"46","author":"YZ Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2022.104901","article-title":"Viscoelasticity-induced fracture behavior of rock-concrete interface after sustaining creep process","volume":"136","author":"W Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cement Concr Compos"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0316124.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4093","DOI":"10.1002\/suco.202200263","article-title":"Experimental investigation of rock\u2013shotcrete interface damage under dynamic splitting using digital image correlation and acoustic emission","volume":"24","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Struct Concr"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruc.2023.107020","article-title":"A method to rapidly build complex three-dimensional models of rock-filled concrete","volume":"281","author":"YH Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comp Struct"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrmms.2022.105069","article-title":"Investigating the cutting force of disc cutter in multi-cutter rotary cutting of sandstone: Simulations and experiments","volume":"152","author":"T Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Rock Mechan Mining Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0316124.ref024","first-page":"042078","article-title":"Research on concrete slump based on discrete element method","author":"C Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Phys: Conf Ser"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0316124.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s10706-021-01942-5","article-title":"Unloading response characteristics of cross fault caverns: effect of fault angles","volume":"40","author":"Y-H Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geotech Geol Eng"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0316124.ref026","first-page":"95","article-title":"Analysis on energy characteristics of granite particle flow model under cyclic compression","volume":"15","author":"EL Long","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Safet Sci Technol"},{"issue":"02","key":"pone.0316124.ref027","first-page":"583","article-title":"Numerical simulation of mechanical characteristics of jointed rock in direct shear test","volume":"37","author":"XF Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rock Soil Mechan"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tafmec.2022.103284","article-title":"Cracking and deformation of cuboidal sandstone with a single nonpenetrating flaw under uniaxial compression","volume":"119","author":"X Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theor Appl Fract Mechan"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0316124.ref029","first-page":"1007","article-title":"Sensitivity study of fine-scale parameters of a linear model of sandy soil based on PFC3D","volume":"30","author":"ST Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chinese J Sichuan Shuini"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref030","first-page":"827","article-title":"Mechanical properties of rock-coal-rock composites at different inclined coal seam thicknesses","author":"B Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Phys"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref031","article-title":"Research on unloading mechanism and precursory laws of failure and instability of coal-rock parting compound structure","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"China University of Mining and Technology"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0316124.ref032","first-page":"3003","article-title":"Criteria for strength and structural failure of rocks based on energy dissipation and energy release principles","volume":"24","author":"H Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chinese J Rock Mechan Eng"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref033","article-title":"Study on energy evolution mechanism and catastrophe characteristics during rock deformation and failure.","author":"L Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"China Univ Mining Technol"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0316124.ref034","first-page":"2603","article-title":"On energy analysis of rock failure","volume":"15","author":"HP Xie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chinese J Rock Mechan Eng"},{"issue":"09","key":"pone.0316124.ref035","first-page":"1729","article-title":"Energy mechanism of deformation and failure of rock masses","author":"HP Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chinese J Rock Mechan Eng"},{"key":"pone.0316124.ref036","article-title":"The effect of loading rate on energy evolution of coal confined passively by CFRP sheets","author":"QW Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J China Coal Soc"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T17:42:11Z","timestamp":1741628531000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316124"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0316124","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]}}}